In the late Qing Dynasty,the traditional coroner system faced many problems such as technical limitation,diplomatic pressure and lack of available qualified personnel.Driven by advocates such as Xu Shichang and other ministers,the Legal Ministry approved the establishment of inspection and learning institutes in various province.The Beijing Forensic Medicine School,located in Beijing,was prepared by the General Prosecutor's Office and subjected to approval by the Legal Ministry,which was a special case among many inspection and learning institutes at that time.The curriculum for students of the Beijing Forensic Medicine School was notably broad.Beyong studying the traditional Washing Away of Wrongs(Xiyuan Lu)they also acquired knowledge and skills in,forensic medicine,criminal law and experimental subjects.

Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan is the first Japanese forensic science monograph translated into Chinese in modern times,and it is also the first translation to use the concepts of"forensic medicine"and"psychosis"to describe the knowledge of forensic psychiatry.The knowledge of forensic psychiatry in the Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan includes the legal basis of forensic psychiatry,the classification of mental diseases and identification techniques.The knowledge of forensic psychiatry was favored by the emerging new forensic medicine education at that time and continued to be disseminated with the reprint of the book during the Republic of China period.

In the late Qing Dynasty,the traditional coroner system faced many problems such as technical limitation,diplomatic pressure and lack of available qualified personnel.Driven by advocates such as Xu Shichang and other ministers,the Legal Ministry approved the establishment of inspection and learning institutes in various province.The Beijing Forensic Medicine School,located in Beijing,was prepared by the General Prosecutor's Office and subjected to approval by the Legal Ministry,which was a special case among many inspection and learning institutes at that time.The curriculum for students of the Beijing Forensic Medicine School was notably broad.Beyong studying the traditional Washing Away of Wrongs(Xiyuan Lu)they also acquired knowledge and skills in,forensic medicine,criminal law and experimental subjects.

Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan is the first Japanese forensic science monograph translated into Chinese in modern times,and it is also the first translation to use the concepts of"forensic medicine"and"psychosis"to describe the knowledge of forensic psychiatry.The knowledge of forensic psychiatry in the Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan includes the legal basis of forensic psychiatry,the classification of mental diseases and identification techniques.The knowledge of forensic psychiatry was favored by the emerging new forensic medicine education at that time and continued to be disseminated with the reprint of the book during the Republic of China period.

ABSTRCT Purpose To explore the evolution of HER2 nega-tive subgroups(IHC Null,Ultra-low and 1+)in breast cancer with hormone receptor(HR)positive before and after neoadju-vant therapy,and the relationship with clinical pathological fea-tures.Methods There were 255 patients who did not achieve pathological complete response(pCR)consecutively after neoad-juvant therapy.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the ex-pression of ER,PR,HER2 and Ki67 and to evaluate the evolu-tion of HER2-negative subgroups after neoadjuvant therapy and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics.Results Among the 255 patients included in this study,HER2 expression was 0 and 1+in 116 cases(45.5％)and 139 cases(54.7％)respectively before neoadjuvant therapy,and then HER2 0 was further divided into Null group(61 cases,23.9％)and Ultra-low group(55 cases,21.6％).After neoadjuvant therapy,HER2 expression was 0 and 1+in 117 cases(45.9％)and 138 cases(54.1％)respectively,and then HER2 0 was further di-vided into Null group(64 cases,25.1％)and Ultra-low group(53 cases,20.8％).HER2 status changed in 121 patients(47.5％)after neoadjuvant therapy.The highest conversion rate was from HER2 Ultra-low before neoadjuvant therapy to 1+after neoadjuvant therapy,with a conversion rate of 11.76％(30/255),followed by HER2 1+to the Ultra-low,with a conversion rate of 10.98％(28/255).After the neoadjuvant therapy,44 of 55 cases had transformation in the HER2 Ultra-low group,with the conversion rate of as high as 80％.Chi-square test showed that HER2 expression before neoadjuvant therapy was correlated with the maximum tumor diameter(≤2 cm,＞2cm)after neo-adjuvant therapy(x2=6.106,P=0.047);the tumor of HER21+before neoadjuvant therapy was mostly 2 cm or less in the di-ameter.The HER2 status after neoadjuvant therapy was correla-ted with the tumor thrombus(x2=6.975,P=0.029).Patients with HER2 Ultra-low after treatment were more likely to have vascular invasion.Conclusion In HR positive breast cancer,when the HER2 0 cases are divided into Ultra-low and Null sub-groups,the HER2 conversion rate increases significantly after neoadjuvant therapy,in which the Ultra-low conversion rate is the highest,indicating that the HER2 Ultra-low cases are highly unstable after neoadjuvant therapy.It is important to detect HER2 expression in residual lesions after neoadjuvant therapy and to identify the Ultra-low HER2 expression subgroup.

Objective:To investigate 131I activity in thyroid of workers at the place of radioiodine therapy and its main influencing factors. Methods:In terms of the types of hospitals, six hospitals that performed radioiodine therapy procedure were selected by quota sampling in the provinces of Shandong and Shanxi. 131I activity in thyroids of 76 workers at the place of radioiodine therapy was measured directly, and their internal doses were estimated. Results:131I activity in thyroids was found to be above the detection limit for 29 subjects (38.16%) in five hospitals. The maximum value of 131I activity was 2 468.45 Bq for a doctor who was responsible for manual distribution of radioisotopes. In general 131I activities in thyroid of workers at the place of radioiodine therapy of six hospitals were not significantly different ( P>0.05). But the measurement result in the hospitals where radioiodine was distributed manually were significantly higher than that in the hospitals where radioiodine was distributed automatically ( Z=1.75, P<0.01). Thyroid measurement result of 12 workers in two hospitals where radioiodine was distributed manually were all above the detection limit, with medians of 324.59 Bq and 331.98 Bq, respectively. The medians of 131I activities in thyroid of 12 staff in the remaining 4 hospitals were all below the detection limit. The detection frequencies of 131I above dose limit were 32.61%, 25.00%, 10.00% and 0. The measurement result for the doctors who participated in distributing 131I and the relevent cleaners were significantly higher than for the doctors who did not participate in distributing 131I at the same hospital ( Z=2.44, 2.12, P<0.05). Conclusions:There was a significant difference in the internal exposure level among workers at the different places of radioiodine therapy. Using automatic loading device could reduce the internal exposure level of the workers at the place of radioiodine therapy. It is necessary to strengthen the radiological protection for workers at the control area of the place of radioiodine therapy.

Objective:To understand the 131I activity in thyroid of therapy workers in nuclear medicine department, and estimate the annual committed effective dose, in order to analyze the internal exposure of them. Methods:Six hospitals were investigated and 131I activity of thyroid was measured. The detection rate and activity value of thyroid 131I activity of therapy workers in nuclear medicine department were obtained from the six hospitals, and then the intake and annual committed effective dose were calculated. Results:A total of 63 iodine therapy workers from six hospitals were measured and 131I was detected for 52 workers among them, with the detection rate of 83% and 131I activities mostly lower than 200 Bq. The estimated annual committed effective dose ranged from 0.23 to 7.78 mSv. The annual committed effective dose to 84.6% of the workers was less than 2 mSv. Conclusions:Iodine therapy workers in nuclear medicine department should receive routine internal exposure personal monitoring, and the radiation protection system in all hospitals needs to be further improved.

Objective:To understand the activity concentration of 131I aerosol in the air of the iodine treatment workplace and estimate the internal dose of 131I inhaled by medical staff in nuclear medicine. Methods:Using CF-1001BRL portable large capacity air sampler, the 131I aerosol in the iodine treatment workplace of nuclear medicine department of 6 hospitals in Shandong province was collected by iodine box, and the HPGe-γ energy spectrometer was used to measure the samples. The 131I activity concentration in iodine treatment workplace at 6 hospitals was obtained, and the internal dose to medical staff was estimated. Results:The 131I activity concentration in the air in iodine treatment workplaces at 6 hospitals ranged from 3.64 to 2.94×10 3 Bq/m 3. The 131I activity concentration in the controlled area (ward, patient passageway, subpacking room, operation administration room) was significantly higher than that in the supervised area. The highest 131I activity concentration, 2.62×10 2 Bq/m 3, in the supervised area was found in the medical care passageway. The estimated effective dose to nuclear medicine workers was 0.07-5.68 mSv, not exceeding the national limit. Conclusions:The phenomenon of 131I aerosol contamination still exists in the iodine treatment workplaces of nuclear medicine departments in hospitals, so it is necessary to carry out internal radiation monitoring for nuclear medicine departments all around the country, and explore more reasonable protection standards and methods.

Objective:To explore the effect of 3D printing periodontal bone defect model of anterior teeth combined with case-based learning (CBL) teaching mode in the standardized residency training of loose teeth fixation.Methods:Sixty general practitioner of stomatology students were equally divided into two groups, with one group receiving CBL teaching (CBL group) and the other group receiving 3D printing model combined CBL teaching (3D+CBL group). After the teaching, the teacher evaluated the overall practice effects, tested the residents' theory and practice scores, and designed a questionnaire to evaluate the teaching effect. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and t test was used for comparison between the two groups. Results:The theoretical score (89.0±3.2) and the practical score (90.0±2.5) in the 3D+CBL group were significantly higher than the theoretical score (83.3±3.6) and the practical score (84.2±3.5) in the CBL group ( P<0.05). The questionnaire showed that the students of the 3D+CBL group performed significantly better than those in CBL group in the following eight aspects, including mastery of basic periodontal knowledge, professional knowledge of loose teeth fixation, ability to diagnose cases and formulate treatment plans, clinical operation ability, interesting teaching content, willingness to communicate with teachers, awareness of actively receiving patients, and satisfaction of standardized residency training ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The 3D printing periodontal bone defect model of anterior teeth combined with the CBL teaching mode has achieved good results in the teaching of loose teeth fixation, and it provides a reference for the application of 3D printing in clinical teaching for periodontology.

【Objective】 To evaluate the efficacy of Nd: YAG laser therapy adjunct to subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP) for treating severe chronic periodontitis. 【Methods】 We selected patients with severe chronic periodontitis whose teeth were distributed in 4 quadrants of the mouth, with probing depth (PD) of 5-8 mm, attachment loss (AL)≥5 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP). These teeth were randomly divided into three groups: SRP group, SRP+L group (Nd: YAG laser after SRP treatment), and L+SRP group (SRP after Nd: YAG laser treatment). We recorded parameters including BOP, PD and AL of the three groups at baseline and 8 weeks after treatment and made statistical analysis. 【Results】 At 8 weeks after treatment, BOP, PD and AL of the three groups were improved than those in the baseline (P<0.05). BOP positive percentage of SRP+L group and L+SRP group significantly reduced compared with SRP group (P<0.05). PD of SRP+L group significantly decreased compared with SRP group and L+SRP group (P<0.05), for sites with PD=7 mm, SRP+L group was significantly decreased compared with SRP and L+SRP groups (P<0.05). AL of SRP group significantly decreased compared with SRP+L group and L+SRP group (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Severe periodontal treatment with Nd:YAG laser adjunct to SRP is more effective in reducing BOP and PD, and for deeper pockets PD is significantly decreased in SRP+L group, but there is no advantage in the improvement of AL.