Dose estimation of radiopharmaceutical therapy is essential for the accurate evaluation of its efficacy and safety, as well as for guiding subsequent clinical research. The dosimetry estimation process typically requires understanding of the in vivo spatial distribution and dynamic transportation of radionuclides, followed by calculation of the energy deposition in tumor target volume and organs at risk from ionizing radiation of varying types and energies released by accumulated radionuclides. This review focuses on advancements in the aforementioned research aspects and the relationship between internal radiation dose and biological effects. Furthermore, this review prospectively discusses future research directions, aiming to enhance comprehension of internal radiation dose estimation and provides theoretical frameworks and technical references for improving clinical evaluation accuracy in radiopharmaceutical therapy.

Dose estimation of radiopharmaceutical therapy is essential for the accurate evaluation of its efficacy and safety, as well as for guiding subsequent clinical research. The dosimetry estimation process typically requires understanding of the in vivo spatial distribution and dynamic transportation of radionuclides, followed by calculation of the energy deposition in tumor target volume and organs at risk from ionizing radiation of varying types and energies released by accumulated radionuclides. This review focuses on advancements in the aforementioned research aspects and the relationship between internal radiation dose and biological effects. Furthermore, this review prospectively discusses future research directions, aiming to enhance comprehension of internal radiation dose estimation and provides theoretical frameworks and technical references for improving clinical evaluation accuracy in radiopharmaceutical therapy.

Objective:To estimate the lung cancer disease burden of residents caused by indoor radon exposure in living rooms in China, and to provide scientific basis for improving radon prevention and control policies and measures.Methods:Based on the data from the national indoor radon monitoring survey, the study of lung cancer caused by indoor radon, and the basic data such as population and smoking, the attributable burden of disease calculation method was used to estimate the disease burden of lung cancer caused by indoor radon in China.Results:In 2018, it was estimated that the years of life lost due to premature death (YLL), years of life lost due to health disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to indoor radon exposure were 5.109 3 million, 0.052 6 million and 5.161 9 million, respectively. DALY was highest in the 50-54 age group. The disease burden of indoor radon-induced lung cancer in smoking men was more than 9 times that of smoking women, and the disease burden of lung cancer in non-smoking women was more than 5 times that of non-smoking men. Smoking is closely related to the disease burden of indoor radon-induced lung cancer.Conclusions:Indoor radon exposure is a major environmental risk factor associated with lung cancer burden in China. The health hazards of indoor radon require more attention and improved policy measures to address this challenge.

177Lu-prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA)radio-ligand therapy has been approved abroad for advanced prostate cancer and has been in several clinical trials in China.Based on domestic clinical practice and experimental data and referred to international experience and viewpoints,the expert group forms a consensus on the clinical application of 177Lu-PSMA radio-ligand therapy in prostate cancer to guide clinical practice.

Objective:To estimate the lung cancer disease burden of residents caused by indoor radon exposure in living rooms in China, and to provide scientific basis for improving radon prevention and control policies and measures.Methods:Based on the data from the national indoor radon monitoring survey, the study of lung cancer caused by indoor radon, and the basic data such as population and smoking, the attributable burden of disease calculation method was used to estimate the disease burden of lung cancer caused by indoor radon in China.Results:In 2018, it was estimated that the years of life lost due to premature death (YLL), years of life lost due to health disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to indoor radon exposure were 5.109 3 million, 0.052 6 million and 5.161 9 million, respectively. DALY was highest in the 50-54 age group. The disease burden of indoor radon-induced lung cancer in smoking men was more than 9 times that of smoking women, and the disease burden of lung cancer in non-smoking women was more than 5 times that of non-smoking men. Smoking is closely related to the disease burden of indoor radon-induced lung cancer.Conclusions:Indoor radon exposure is a major environmental risk factor associated with lung cancer burden in China. The health hazards of indoor radon require more attention and improved policy measures to address this challenge.

In recent years, the diagnostic radiology, especially CT scanning, has a rapidly increased frequency in our country, becoming the largest artificial radiation source to the average individual doses to the population. In clinical diagnosis and treatment activities, the examined patients and individuals may undergo multiple procedures and multiple frequencies of medical imaging in a short period of time and receive high cumulative radiation doses even exceeding 50 or 100 mSv in a single day, posing a potential risk to their health. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out statistical analysis and management of diagnostic radiation dose information to minimize the probability of excessive dose and associated radiation risk. In this paper, the international cognition of radiation risks in diagnostic radiology, diagnostic equipment and medical imaging frequency, radiation dose and its management status are described. Four countermeasures for radiation dose management are put forward to provide reference for further improving radiation protection in clinical practice.

Objective:To study the healthcare level (HCL) in China and its influencing factors.Methods:By using the data reported in the China statistical yearbook published by the National Bureau of Statistics and in other public literature, HCL was calculated in terms of the number of population and physicians in the whole country and various provinces. Multiple regression was used to analyze the relationship between HCL and regional population, area, number of administrative divisions and gross domestic product (GDP). Pearson correlation analysis was applied to analyze the relationship between healthcare level and medical radiation frequency. Results:Since 2015, Chinese HCL value was lower than 1 000, but there were two provinces with HCL value greater than 1 000 in 2019. Population and GDP were the influencing factors for the HCL, with correlation coefficients of 0.416 and -0.583, respectively. There was a correlation between HCL and medical exposure frequency of Chinese population( r= -0.620, P=0.028). Conclusions:Chinese HCL value was 542 in 2020, but there has been great differences between various provinces. HCL as an indicator of medical exposure assessment needs further research in China.

Objective:To develop a software for rapid estimation of external dose to the public due to environmental radioactive contamination.Methods:Based on the data provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), a database of the conversion coefficients of external dose rates for the public (adult and children of different age groups) under different environmental exposure scenarios was created. The programs of data search and calculation were written using Python language, and the software interface was designed using PyQt toolkit. To test the calculation results, the differences in external doses to different age groups of the public caused by most likely produced radionuclides under three environmental exposure scenarios were calculated, and their rationalities were analyzed.Results:The software can immediately complete the estimation of the organ equivalent doses and the effective dose due to the external exposure form environmental contamination by using a personal computer with a Windows system, and its results are reasonable. The test results showed that the younger the public members, the larger the organ dose and effective dose. For soil surface and water contaminated with 90Sr with the same activity concentration reaching radioactive equilibrium, the effective dose to infants was about 6.08 times and 2.51 times those to adults, respectively. Conclusions:The software developed in this study has the advantages of simple operation and fast calculation, and is suitable for rapid estimation of external dose to the public members of different age groups in emergency situations such as nuclear accidents.

Objective:To estimate the attribution share of residents′lung cancer caused by indoor Radon.Methods:Based on the 2015 lung cancer mortality, all-cause mortality from China together with nationally representative smoking rate and the average indoor radon concentration of 30 Bq/m 3, the relatively authoritative and applicable EPA/BEIR-VI risk model was used to predict the lung cancer mortality caused by indoor radon exposure. Results:The excess relative risk (ERR) of indoor radon-related lung cancer mortality among the male non-smokers is higher than that of smokers. For the age-group above 50, the male smokers and male non-smokers have the highest ERR values, which were 0.511 and 0.230, respectively. Assuming the exposure incurred starting at age 0 with the same radon concentration, the lifetime risk of men and women non-smokers is higher than that of the smokers of the same gender. The higher the radon concentration, the higher the lifetime risk of lung cancer. Assuming that the radon concentration level in China is 30 Bq/m 3, the number of deaths from indoor radon-related lung cancer in 2015 is about 55 512. According to this, about 6.62% of lung cancers are caused by indoor radon exposure. If we assume that radon concentration levels are 40 Bq/m 3and 70 Bq/m 3 in China, approximately 8.82% and 15.38% of lung cancer deaths can be attributed to indoor radon exposure. Conclusions:Indoor radon exposure is an important environmental factor that causes Chinese residential lung cancer. Effective measures should be taken to prevent and control the increasing indoor radon levels. In order to accurately assess risk of lung cancer morality caused by indoor radon, more detailed data such as the indoor radon level in China are needed.

Objective:To construct a system for evaluating the professional capability of provincial radiological health institutions.Methods:Based on the Donabedian model and the main professional responsibilities of provincial radiological health institutions, the logical framework and indicator database of the capability evaluation system were initially constructed, the Delphi expert consultation method and analytic hierarchy process were further used to determine each indicator and its weight. The self-assessment test was carried out throughout the provincial radiological health institutions by using the system established in this study.Results:The evaluation system included 3 primary-class indicators, 11 second-class indicators, 30 third-class indicators and 76 fourth-class indicators. Taking 100 points as the full score, the self-assessment scores of the 29 provincial institutions ranged from 28.7 to 97.7 with an average of 78.7, and the scores conform to the normal distribution.Conclusions:The system established in this study are scientific, comprehensive and operable, which can be used as an effective tool to evaluate the professional capability of provincial radiological health institutions.