Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) are two types of cerebrovascular diseases. Their pathogenesis is closely related, with common risk factors, but there are differences. Early detection and effective management of common risk factors, while taking into account differentiated risk factors, are of great significance for stroke prevention. This article reviews the similarities and differences in the major risk factors between CSVD and LAA.

Background:The overall Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection rate in China is relatively high,with significant regional variations.Currently,there is a lack of large-sample surveys on the Hp infection rate in the general population of Xinjiang.Aims:To explore the Hp infection rate in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and provide a reference for the prevention and control strategies of Hp infection in this region.Methods:A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 4 361 individuals from the general population in 15 regions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Hp antibody testing was performed to assess Hp infection status.Results:The overall Hp infection rate in Xinjiang was 71.57％(3 121/4 361).The Hp infection rate showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with age,but the difference was not statistically significant(x2=11.992,P＞0.05).There was a statistically significant difference in the Hp infection rate among different residential areas(x2=250.316,P＜0.01).The Hp infection rates among ethnic minorities such as Uyghurs and Tajiks were significantly higher than those among Han and Hui ethnic groups,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=200.797,P＜0.01).The Hp infection rate gradually increased with the increase in altitude,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=33.366,P＜0.01).Conclusions:This study revealed that the overall Hp infection rate in Xinjiang is relatively high,with obvious differences in residential areas,ethnic groups,and altitudes.More powerful publicity and education,screening methods,and eradication strategies should be implemented for ethnic minorities in different regions.

Background:The overall Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection rate in China is relatively high,with significant regional variations.Currently,there is a lack of large-sample surveys on the Hp infection rate in the general population of Xinjiang.Aims:To explore the Hp infection rate in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and provide a reference for the prevention and control strategies of Hp infection in this region.Methods:A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 4 361 individuals from the general population in 15 regions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Hp antibody testing was performed to assess Hp infection status.Results:The overall Hp infection rate in Xinjiang was 71.57％(3 121/4 361).The Hp infection rate showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with age,but the difference was not statistically significant(x2=11.992,P＞0.05).There was a statistically significant difference in the Hp infection rate among different residential areas(x2=250.316,P＜0.01).The Hp infection rates among ethnic minorities such as Uyghurs and Tajiks were significantly higher than those among Han and Hui ethnic groups,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=200.797,P＜0.01).The Hp infection rate gradually increased with the increase in altitude,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=33.366,P＜0.01).Conclusions:This study revealed that the overall Hp infection rate in Xinjiang is relatively high,with obvious differences in residential areas,ethnic groups,and altitudes.More powerful publicity and education,screening methods,and eradication strategies should be implemented for ethnic minorities in different regions.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. To date, seven AQPs have been found to be expressed in mammal kidneys. The cellular localization and regulation of the transport properties of AQPs in the kidney have been widely investigated. Autophagy is known as a highly conserved lysosomal pathway, which degrades cytoplasmic components. Through basal autophagy, kidney cells maintain their functions and structure. As a part of the adaptive responses of the kidney, autophagy may be altered in response to stress conditions. Recent studies revealed that autophagic degradation of AQP2 in the kidney collecting ducts leads to impaired urine concentration in animal models with polyuria. Therefore, the modulation of autophagy could be a therapeutic approach to treat water balance disorders. However, as autophagy is either protective or deleterious, it is crucial to establish an optimal condition and therapeutic window where autophagy induction or inhibition could yield beneficial effects. Further studies are needed to understand both the regulation of autophagy and the interaction between AQPs and autophagy in the kidneys in renal diseases, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Objective:The investigation and research on the application status of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient (HVPG) is very important to understand the real situation and future development of this technology in China.Methods:This study comprehensively investigated the basic situation of HVPG technology in China, including hospital distribution, hospital level, annual number of cases, catheters used, average cost, indications and existing problems.Results:According to the survey, there were 70 hospitals in China carrying out HVPG technology in 2021, distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central Government). A total of 4 398 cases of HVPG were performed in all the surveyed hospitals in 2021, of which 2 291 cases (52.1%) were tested by HVPG alone. The average cost of HVPG detection was (5 617.2±2 079.4) yuan. 96.3% of the teams completed HVPG detection with balloon method, and most of the teams used thrombectomy balloon catheter (80.3%).Conclusion:Through this investigation, the status of domestic clinical application of HVPG has been clarified, and it has been confirmed that many domestic medical institutions have mastered this technology, but it still needs to continue to promote and popularize HVPG technology in the future.

Objective:To construct a quantitatively diagnostic nomogram model by analyzing the clinical information of patients and the features of multi-modality ultrasound images of thyroid lesions, so as to preoperatively predict the malignant probability of suspicious thyroid nodules and provide effective references for clinical decision-making.Methods:A total of 933 patients, 1 121 thyroid nodules of C-TIRADS 3-5 categories, who underwent surgery in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from September 1, 2020 to June 10, 2021 were collected. The nodules were randomly divided into training ( n=897) and test groups ( n=224) in 8∶2 ratio. Finally, the diagnostic performance was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC). Results:①After preliminary screening by univariate analysis, multivariate analysis showed that age, echogenicity, orientation, echogenic foci, margin, posterior features, and elastic score were significantly correlated with benign and malignant nodules (all P<0.001), and the difference of halo between benign and malignant nodules was also statistically significant ( P=0.012). ②The AUC of nomogram was up to 0.903(95% CI=0.862-0.944) in the test set, and 0.889(95% CI=0.832-0.946) and 0.960(95% CI=0.925-0.994) in nodules with maximum diameter of ≤10 mm and of >10 mm respectively, which showed high diagnostic performance. Conclusions:The nomogram model could accurately differentiate malignant from benign thyroid nodules preoperatively, with the highest diagnostic performance for the nodules with maximum diameter of >10 mm, and effectively avoid the unnecessary fine-needle biopsy and surgical operation.

A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk. In humans, a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance. One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments. However, it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks. In the present study, we used DISC1-N terminal truncation (DISC1-N

A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk. In humans, a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance. One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments. However, it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks. In the present study, we used DISC1-N terminal truncation (DISC1-N
Animals ; Interneurons/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism* ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism* ; Parvalbumins/metabolism*

More than 20 years have passed since the advent of individualized appliances, which are designed according to the corrective target position. Through a series of digital technology-aided design and production processes, individual appliances have been increasingly recognized and accepted by the public. At present, there are three types of individualized orthodontic appliances: individualized lingual orthodontic appliances, non-bracket invisible appliances and individualized labial appliances. Because of their good effects in orthodontics, these appliances have gradually become mainstream orthodontic treatment tools. However, many doubts persist regarding their use in clinical treatment. This article reviews the development history, design principles and characteristics of the three types of individualized appliances. The results of a literature review showed that CAD/CAM and CBCT provide a hardware foundation for personalized orthodontic appliances that simplifies the therapeutic process. Additionally, individualized appliances also place higher demands on orthodontists. This article could provide references for and help with the clinical selection and use of individualized appliances.

Invisible appliance technology is a novel orthodontic technology that uses computer aided design and polymer materials to achieve a more aesthetic and comfortable treatment. Compared with traditional lip-bracket orthodontic treatments, the greatest advantages of an invisible appliance are aesthetics. In the orthodontic process, the control of the anterior teeth may not be accurate, which often directly affects the patient′s postoperative side appearance; however, in clinical practice, there is still a large deficiency in the control of the anterior tooth torque by an invisible appliance compared to traditional lip-bracket orthodontic treatments. The factors related to the expression efficiency of anterior tooth torque include the combination of morphology and position of different types of brackets and wires, the tooth movement mode and clincheck design. This article reviews the factors that influence lingual orthodontics and clear aligner therapy in the treatment of anterior tooth torque.