With the rapid advancement of hemodynamic indices and monitoring technologies, their classification methods and application processes have become increasingly complex. Currently, no unified standard hasbeen established, making it difficult to fully meet the clinical requirements for hemodynamic management. To assist in hemodynamic monitoring assessment and therapeutic decision-making in critically ill patients, the Critical Hemodynamic Therapy Collaborative Group, in conjunction with the Critical Ultrasound Study Group, has jointly developed the Standard for the Application of Hemodynamic Monitoring Techniques in Critical Care. The first part of this standard systematically categorizes hemodynamic indicators into flow indicators, pressure and its derivative indicators, and tissue perfusion indicators, while elaborating on the clinical application of each. The second part establishes a standardized clinical implementation pathway for hemodynamic monitoring. It proposes a tiered monitoring strategy-comprising basic, advanced, indication-specific, and special scenario monitoring-tailored to different clinical settings. It emphasizes the central role of critical care ultrasound across all levels of monitoring and establishes hemodynamic assessment standards for organs such as the brain, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. This standard aims to provide a unified framework for clinical practice, teaching, training, and research in critical care medicine, thereby promoting standardized development within the discipline.

The Guidelines for Construction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacovigilance Systems in Medical Institutions （T/CACM 1563.2-2024） were the first special guideline in China to systematically assist medical institutions in establishing a pharmacovigilance system tailored to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. This guideline was jointly developed with 23 authoritative medical and research institutions in China， under the lead of the Institute of Basic Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. The purpose of this guideline was to standardize pharmacovigilance work throughout the entire lifecycle of TCM （including research and development， marketing， and application） and to establish a four-dimensional framework of "organizational structure， institutional system， information platform， and vigilance activities". Key components included the establishment of a TCM Safety Committee， the construction of nine core systems， the development of an information platform that complies with International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use （ICH） E2B standards， alongside the risk monitoring， identification， assessment， and control during clinical trials and post-marketing phases. Therefore， this guideline filled a significant gap in the systemic standards for TCM safety management within medical institutions. Strictly adhering to domestic and international laws and regulations， the guideline compilation involved multiple rounds of expert interviews， systematic evidence integration， and broad consensus. This guideline was specified to be applicable to medical institutions at all levels， primarily addressing core issues， including the difficulty in adverse reaction identification， low reporting rates， and incomplete risk management chains due to the complex composition and diverse application of TCM. The compilation process was scientific and rigorous， ensuring alignment with current national laws and regulations， and was registered internationally. In the future， implementation will be promoted through standardized training， tiered dissemination， as well as a post-effect evaluation and dynamic revision mechanism starting two years after publication. All these aimed to enhance medical institutions' proactive capabilities in preventing and controlling TCM safety risks， ensure patient medication safety， and promote the high-quality development of TCM.

To standardize the clinical application of oral Chinese patent medicines （CPMs）， and address the safety issues arising from their dosage form characteristics， irrational clinical use， and the lack of targeted pharmacovigilance systems， the China Association of Chinese Medicine organized the formulation and release of Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Oral Chinese Patent Medicines， aiming to inform the safe clinical use of oral CPMs and related pharmacovigilance work. According to the principles of GB/T1.1—2020 and the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision）， the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， led a drafting group comprising 18 institutions. After multiple rounds of expert interviews， literature retrieval， evidence screening， and extensive solicitation of opinions， the Guidelines were registered internationally. Systematic standardization focused on safety monitoring， risk identification， assessment， control， and other aspects. The Guidelines clarified the characteristics of oral CPMs in terms of safety monitoring， known risks， and potential risks， compared to non-oral CPMs. Then， risk control measures were proposed， including medication in special populations and irrational medication. As a special guideline for pharmacovigilance in the clinical application of oral CPMs， the Guidelines systematically construct a technical system in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is essential for improving the clinical safety management of oral CPMs and provides an important reference for medical institutions， pharmaceutical manufacturers， and regulatory authorities.

The Guidelines for Construction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacovigilance Systems in Medical Institutions （T/CACM 1563.2-2024） were the first special guideline in China to systematically assist medical institutions in establishing a pharmacovigilance system tailored to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. This guideline was jointly developed with 23 authoritative medical and research institutions in China， under the lead of the Institute of Basic Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. The purpose of this guideline was to standardize pharmacovigilance work throughout the entire lifecycle of TCM （including research and development， marketing， and application） and to establish a four-dimensional framework of "organizational structure， institutional system， information platform， and vigilance activities". Key components included the establishment of a TCM Safety Committee， the construction of nine core systems， the development of an information platform that complies with International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use （ICH） E2B standards， alongside the risk monitoring， identification， assessment， and control during clinical trials and post-marketing phases. Therefore， this guideline filled a significant gap in the systemic standards for TCM safety management within medical institutions. Strictly adhering to domestic and international laws and regulations， the guideline compilation involved multiple rounds of expert interviews， systematic evidence integration， and broad consensus. This guideline was specified to be applicable to medical institutions at all levels， primarily addressing core issues， including the difficulty in adverse reaction identification， low reporting rates， and incomplete risk management chains due to the complex composition and diverse application of TCM. The compilation process was scientific and rigorous， ensuring alignment with current national laws and regulations， and was registered internationally. In the future， implementation will be promoted through standardized training， tiered dissemination， as well as a post-effect evaluation and dynamic revision mechanism starting two years after publication. All these aimed to enhance medical institutions' proactive capabilities in preventing and controlling TCM safety risks， ensure patient medication safety， and promote the high-quality development of TCM.

To standardize the clinical application of oral Chinese patent medicines （CPMs）， and address the safety issues arising from their dosage form characteristics， irrational clinical use， and the lack of targeted pharmacovigilance systems， the China Association of Chinese Medicine organized the formulation and release of Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Oral Chinese Patent Medicines， aiming to inform the safe clinical use of oral CPMs and related pharmacovigilance work. According to the principles of GB/T1.1—2020 and the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision）， the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， led a drafting group comprising 18 institutions. After multiple rounds of expert interviews， literature retrieval， evidence screening， and extensive solicitation of opinions， the Guidelines were registered internationally. Systematic standardization focused on safety monitoring， risk identification， assessment， control， and other aspects. The Guidelines clarified the characteristics of oral CPMs in terms of safety monitoring， known risks， and potential risks， compared to non-oral CPMs. Then， risk control measures were proposed， including medication in special populations and irrational medication. As a special guideline for pharmacovigilance in the clinical application of oral CPMs， the Guidelines systematically construct a technical system in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is essential for improving the clinical safety management of oral CPMs and provides an important reference for medical institutions， pharmaceutical manufacturers， and regulatory authorities.

[Objective] To establish a cryopreservation protocol for small-volume (≤1 mL) red blood cells (RBCs) and to evaluate the reactivity and stability of blood group antigens after cryopreservation, so as to explore its potential application in immunohematology reference laboratories. [Methods] Small-volume RBCs were cryopreserved for 120 days, followed by thawing and deglycerolization to restore the RBC components. The quality of the RBCs was assessed. Serum antibodies were serially diluted and reacted with RBCs before and after cryopreservation, and agglutination scores were recorded to quantitatively evaluate the reactivity and stability of blood group antigens such as Rh, Duffy, Lewis, Kidd, M, and H. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of ABO antigen expression on RBCs before and after cryopreservation to assess the usability of cryopreserved RBCs in flow immunophenotyping and blood group subtype studies. [Results] The hemolysis rate of thawed and deglycerolized RBCs was (0.27±0.10)%, with a supernatant free hemoglobin level of (0.52±0.14) g/L, and the RBC recovery rate was (69.12±7.91)%. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was negative for all thawed RBCs. There was no difference in the reactivity of blood group antigens before and after cryopreservation, and no difference in the percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of A and B antigen expression on RBCs before and after cryopreservation. [Conclusion] The small-volume RBC cryopreservation protocol can be applied to immunohematology analysis in reference laboratories and is expected to be widely used in blood group identification, antibody screening, identification, and blood group-related research.

Piper nigrum L. is an evergreen climbing vine, which belongs to the genus Piperia in the Piperaceae family. Piper nigrum L., which known as the “king of spices”, is used as both food and medicine. The main active substances in Piper nigrum L. are alkaloids mainly composed of amides, and essential oil, as well as phenolic compounds. In this paper, the chemical compositions, especially amide alkaloids, and their biological activities of Piper nigrum L. were summarized. These studies showed that Piper nigrum L., as a medicinal and food plant, had a wide range of biological activities and was deserved further research and in-depth utilization.

Objective To investigate the relationship between tooth loss and the occurrence of esophageal cancer in a natural village in Wenfeng District, Anyang City, Henan Province. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted to observe the occurrence of tooth loss and esophageal cancer among the asymptomatic residents of the natural village for 16 years from January 2008 to July 2024. Data were analyzed by chi-square test, binary logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline. Results Among the total population of 711 cases, 136 cases were lost to follow-up and 575 cases were included in the final statistics, including 45 cases with esophageal cancer. Significant statistical difference was found between esophageal cancer patients with and without tooth loss (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that tooth loss was associated with the occurrence of esophageal cancer (OR=3.977, 95%CI: 1.543-10.255). After the adjustment for confounders, tooth loss remained significantly associated with the occurrence of esophageal cancer (OR=3.038, 95%CI: 1.035-8.914). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed between the number of teeth lost and the incidence of esophageal cancer. When the number of teeth lost was less than 12, the risk of esophageal cancer increased with the number of teeth lost. When more than 12 teeth were lost, the risk of esophageal cancer decreased as the number of teeth lost increased. Conclusion Tooth loss is a risk factor for the occurrence of esophageal cancer in this natural village. When the number of teeth lost is less than 12, the risk of esophageal cancer increases with the number of teeth lost.

Tumorigenesis， invasion， and metastasis occur in the context of a persistent inflammatory microenvironment， and a variety of inflammatory factors can lead to the development of various tumors. Guided by the thought of "preventive treatment of disease" in TCM and the concept of tertiary prevention in modern medicine， it is of great significance to effectively intervene in the inflammatory stage of the disease， interrupt disease progression， prevent the occurrence of malignant tumors， and reverse the process of "inflammation-to-cancer transformation". Sinisan， a commonly used prescription in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases， has been widely applied in the treatment of precancerous lesions of the digestive system， demonstrating considerable advantages. This article reviewed literature from the past 20 years， summarizing the application of Sinisan in precancerous lesions of the digestive system from three aspects： the exploration of its prescription-syndrome relationship， clinical application， and mechanistic study. It is found that basic syndrome indications of Sinisan include harmonizing the Earth element to promote spleen-stomach transportation and transformation， soothing the liver and nourishing the Wood element to restore the smooth flow of Qi， and regulating Yin and Yang to relieve stagnation within the system. In clinical application， Sinisan has shown significant efficacy in atrophic gastritis and precancerous conditions such as intestinal metaplasia， gastric ulcer， ulcerative colitis， esophagitis， and pancreatitis. Mechanistic studies have revealed that Sinisan can inhibit inflammatory factors and improve the inflammatory microenvironment， inhibit cell proliferation and regulate apoptosis， exhibit anti-angiogenic and antitumorigenic effects， modulate immune function， and exert antioxidant effects. These mechanisms can be achieved by regulating pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 （Nrf2/HO-1）， farnesoid X receptor （FXR）/Nrf2， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5/cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A （TGR5/cAMP/PKA）， interleukin-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 （IL-4/STAT6）， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT）， RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase （RhoA/ROCK）， and transforming growth factor-β/Smad proteins （TGF-β/Smads）， confirming Sinisan's role in reversing the inflammation-to-cancer transformation. The current research status of Sinisan in precancerous lesions of the digestive system was thoroughly examined through the above three aspects， along with the identification of limitations and areas for improvement in current research. The aim is to provide a basis and support for future in-depth research on Sinisan， promote the development of new integrated treatment models combining TCM and Western medicine for precancerous lesions， and aid in the research and development of drugs related to precancerous lesions.

Objective To investigatethe relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and clinicopathological characteristics, p53 expression, and survival of Chinese patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods A total of 3882 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, 970 matched patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and 970 matched patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma were included to compare the incidence of GERD symptoms. Patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma were divided into two groups according to the presence and absence of GERD symptoms. The differences in clinicopathological characteristics and p53 expression between the two groups were compared by chi-square test, and the differences in survival between the two groups were compared by landmark analysis. Results The incidence of GERD symptoms increased successively in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. In patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, the proportions of male, less than 65 years old, lower thoracic tumors, tumors without squamous cell carcinoma, poorly differentiation, early tumors (stage 0-I), and p53-positive tumors in the group with GERD symptoms were higher than those in the group without GERD symptoms; moreover, the long-term survival (≥15 years) was better. Conclusion GERD symptom is an important clinical sign of esophageal adenocarcinoma. It is closely related to specific clinicopathological characteristics, p53 overexpression, and good long-term prognosis.