ObjectiveDonkey hide is the sole legally designated raw material for the preparation of the traditional Chinese medicine Ejiao. The quality stability of donkey hide during preservation directly determines the efficacy and safety of Ejiao. This study focuses on the dynamic succession of microbial communities during the preservation of donkey hides from different origins, aiming to clarify the correlation between microbial biodiversity difference and the degradation profiles of hide collagen and critical biochemical components, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for developing targeted preservation strategies based on microbial regulation. MethodsDonkey hides originating from four different regions were subjected to an accelerated microbial aging assay to simulate the spoilage process. The microbial community succession was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Microstructure changes and pore structure characteristics were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry, respectively. Additionally, the content of major components, including lipids, proteins, and sugars were determined by biochemical methods. ResultsAfter 96 h of aging, the collagen fiber structure in Africa donkey hides (ADH) exhibited significant degradation and collapse, followed by Xinjiang donkey hides (XDH). Instead, the microstructure of Dong’e black donkey hides (DDH) and Peru donkey hides (PDH) remained relatively intact. The porosities of DDH, XDH, PDH, and ADH increased from 27.9%, 15.7%, 30.3%, and 46.2% to 36.5%, 52.6%, 42.8%, and 57.7%, respectively, during the aging process, which suggested that the originally compact fiber structure was disrupted by microbial aging. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis revealed the amide bands in XDH exhibited relatively weak intensity, and no collagen amide I band was observed in ADH. Meanwhile, the lipid and protein contents decreased in all four types of donkey hides, indicating that these components served as the primary nutrient sources for the growth of microorganism. Notably, the most severe collagen degradation was observed in XDH and ADH. A substantial increase was detected in the total soluble sugar in PDH aging solution and hydroxyproline in the ADH aging solution, respectively. These results indicated that donkey hides exhibit distinct patterns of structural degradation and nutrient utilization. Furthermore, the viable cells number of donkey hides increased sharply after 48 h of aging. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Euryarchaeota in ADH, PDH and XDH declining from initial 93.19%, 97.73% and 30.08% to 0.79%, 1.43% and 0.02% after 96 h, respectively. Conversely, a significantly increase was observed in the abundance of Bacillota, with a marked increase in ADH, peaking at 92.75%. Additionally, the abundance of Pseudomonadota in PDH increased from 0.10% to 87.84%, suggesting that Bacillota and Pseudomonadota may be key factors exacerbating donkey hide spoilage. Unlike the other three types of donkey hides, the dominant bacterial phylum in DDH shifted from Pseudomonadota to Bacteroidota, characterized by a substantial abundance increase of Bacteroidota from 0.13% to 44.22%. ConclusionRegional variation in origin significantly influence the microbial aging of donkey hides, leading to distinct patterns of structural deterioration and differential nutrient utilization. Therefore, implementing origin-specific preservation strategies, through the precisely controlling environmental factors to suppress harmful phyla such as Bacillota and Pseudomonadota, is crucial for enhancing the storage quality of donkey hides.

Diabetic kidney disease（DKD） is a chronic kidney structural and functional disorder caused by diabetes. With the global prevalence of diabetes continuing to rise， DKD has gradually become a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease（ESRD）， posing a serious threat to patients' quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Studies have shown that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of DKD， with its mechanisms involving abnormal activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase（Caspase）-3， protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK）/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α）/activating transcript factor 4（ATF4）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein（CHOP）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， Janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） and silent information regulator 1（SIRT1）/tumor suppressor protein 53（p53）， thereby accelerating renal pathological damage in DKD. Extensive evidence-based medical studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， leveraging its unique therapeutic advantages of multi-target， multi-component and multi-pathway approaches， has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and favorable safety profiles in treating DKD. Recent studies have demonstrated that active components of TCM can specifically target and modulate key effectors in apoptotic signaling pathways. Meanwhile， traditional compound formulations exert synergistic effects through multiple approaches such as replenishing deficiency and activating blood circulation， detoxifying and dredging collaterals， tonifying kidney essence， and removing stasis and purging turbidity， thereby comprehensively regulating critical pathological processes including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This combined therapeutic approach of molecular targeting and holistic regulation provides novel strategies for delaying the progression of DKD. Based on this， this paper provides an in-depth analysis of key apoptotic signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， while systematically summarizing recent research advances regarding the therapeutic effects of TCM active components， compound formulations， and proprietary Chinese medicines on DKD through modulation of these pathways， with particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings not only elucidate the modern scientific connotation and theoretical basis of TCM in treating DKD but also establish a solid theoretical and practical foundation for promoting the wider clinical application and further research of TCM in the field of DKD treatment.

Objective: To develop a convenient, direct, and highly sensitive method for screening trace chemical additives in complex Chinese patent medicines, thereby addressing core technological bottlenecks in pharmaceutical analysis and quality control. Methods: A brush ionization probe device was independently designed and constructed, and an efficient detection method was established through systematic optimization of key parameters. Twenty-three Chinese patent medicine samples, representing 6 dosage forms (capsules, tablets, pills, granules, powders, and liquid preparations), were analyzed using 10 common chemical additives as target analytes. Results: All samples were successfully analyzed without complex pretreatment, and 5 chemical additives were detected in 7 Chinese patent medicines. The brush ionization probe device exhibited cost-effectiveness (~0.2 USD per probe), operational simplicity, rapid analysis (~10s per sample), high efficiency, and minimal reagent consumption (~10 μL per sample). Conclusion: This advancement is expected to provide an innovative scientific tool for improving the generality and convenience of on-site quality control, while promoting technological progress in disciplines such as pharmacology and traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the effects of changes in the estrogen receptor alpha 36(ER-α36)expression on the proliferation and membrane-initiated estrogen signaling in glioblastoma U251 cells.Methods The expression and localization of ER-α36 and EGFR glioblastoma U87 cells and U251 cells were determined by immunofluorescence,qRT-PCR and Western blot.The effect of upregulating ER-α 36 on U251 cell proliferation and estrogen signaling pathway activity by low con-centrations of 100 pmol/L icariin isomer(SNG162)was detected by MTT assay and Western blot.Results ER-α36 and EGFR were co-expressed in the cell membrane of glioblastoma.Compared with DMSO(control group),the expression ER-α36(P<0.01)and EG-FR increased in U251 cells treated with SNG162(P<0.05);Further experments also found that low concentrations of SNG162 in-creased the expression of cycle related proteins-cyclin D1,cyclin B,cyclin E and CDK4(P<0.01),and enhanced the proliferative a-bility of U251 cells(P<0.05).Conclusion The low concentration of SNG162 upregulates the expression of ER-α36,activates the estrogen-mediated ERK1/2 MAPK,p38 MAPK,and EGFR/Src signaling pathways,promotes glioblastoma proliferation,and activates the membrane initialized estrogen signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the value of 0.55 T MRI scanner using deep-learning (DL) reconstruction in evaluating pulmonary tumors.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional study. Sixty-one patients with pulmonary tumors on CT images were prospectively collected from May to September 2024 in Peking University First Hospital, including 37 males and 24 females, and aged 46?89 (68±9) years old. All patients underwent lung scan on a 0.55 T MRI, using diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) sequence with b-values of 0 and 800 s/mm 2. According to whether DL reconstruction was used and the number of acquisitions, they were divided into DWI-DL 5∶30 group (DL, number of averages=10, acquisition time=5 min 30 s),DWI-DL 3∶22 group (DL, number of averages=5, acquisition time=3 min 22 s), and DWI-C group (GRAPPA, number of averages=10, acquisition time=5 min 30 s). The obtained images were evaluated subjectively (Likert score) and objectively [signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)]. Meanwhile the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the tumors was measured. Friedman nonparametric test was used for comparison among the three groups and Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparison. Results:The subjective scores, SNR, and CNR were significantly different among DWI-DL 5∶30 group, DWI-DL 3∶22 group, and DWI-C group( χ 2=9.69,87.56,88.62, P=0.008,<0.001,<0.001). Bonferroni method results showed that the subjective scores, SNR, and CNR of DWI-DL 5∶30 group were higher than those of DWI-DL 3∶22 group and DWI-C group ( P<0.05); However, the subjective scores, SNR, and CNR did not significantly differ between DWI-DL 3∶22 group and DWI-C group ( P>0.05). The ADC values of the tumors were not significantly different among DWI-DL 5∶30 group, DWI-DL 3∶22 group, and DWI-C group (χ 2=5.95, P=0.510). Conclusion:The DWI reconstructed using DL has better or similar image quality to conventional DWI in evaluating pulmonary tumors and significantly reduces scanning time, which has certain clinical application value.

Accessory cavitated uterine malformation(ACUM)is a rare unique congenital Müllerian duct malformation.Its main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain shortly after menarche and progressive aggravation,also may present as chronic periodic lower abdominal pain or abnormal uterine bleeding.Because it occurs rarely,it is easy to cause misdiagnosis or delay diagnosis.This paper reports the clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment of a young patient with ACUM,and reviews the literature to deepen the understanding of this rare genital tract malformation.

Objective:To investigate the value of 0.55 T MRI scanner using deep-learning (DL) reconstruction in evaluating pulmonary tumors.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional study. Sixty-one patients with pulmonary tumors on CT images were prospectively collected from May to September 2024 in Peking University First Hospital, including 37 males and 24 females, and aged 46?89 (68±9) years old. All patients underwent lung scan on a 0.55 T MRI, using diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) sequence with b-values of 0 and 800 s/mm 2. According to whether DL reconstruction was used and the number of acquisitions, they were divided into DWI-DL 5∶30 group (DL, number of averages=10, acquisition time=5 min 30 s),DWI-DL 3∶22 group (DL, number of averages=5, acquisition time=3 min 22 s), and DWI-C group (GRAPPA, number of averages=10, acquisition time=5 min 30 s). The obtained images were evaluated subjectively (Likert score) and objectively [signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)]. Meanwhile the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the tumors was measured. Friedman nonparametric test was used for comparison among the three groups and Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparison. Results:The subjective scores, SNR, and CNR were significantly different among DWI-DL 5∶30 group, DWI-DL 3∶22 group, and DWI-C group( χ 2=9.69,87.56,88.62, P=0.008,<0.001,<0.001). Bonferroni method results showed that the subjective scores, SNR, and CNR of DWI-DL 5∶30 group were higher than those of DWI-DL 3∶22 group and DWI-C group ( P<0.05); However, the subjective scores, SNR, and CNR did not significantly differ between DWI-DL 3∶22 group and DWI-C group ( P>0.05). The ADC values of the tumors were not significantly different among DWI-DL 5∶30 group, DWI-DL 3∶22 group, and DWI-C group (χ 2=5.95, P=0.510). Conclusion:The DWI reconstructed using DL has better or similar image quality to conventional DWI in evaluating pulmonary tumors and significantly reduces scanning time, which has certain clinical application value.

There is significant inter-individual variation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics in patients receiving tacrolimus(TAC)for an-ti-rejection therapy,which cause the rejection or toxic action.Based on results of therapeutic drug monitoring and pathophysiological index of trans-plant patients,the individualized dosing regimen can be designed and adjusted by using model in-formed precision dosing(MIPD).The patients'clini-cal outcome can be improved.In the consensus,the different methods of MIPD used for patients re-ceived TAC for anti-rejection therapy were intro-duced,which can be used for the designing and ad-justing doing regimen,predicting adverse drug reac-tion,improving medication adherence and econom-ics during therapy.

AIM To investigate the protective effects of Shuangyi Qushi Tongluo Capsules(Shuangyi Capsules)on Dexamethasone(Dex)induced osteoporosis in mice.METHODS The C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the control group,the model group,the Xianling Gubao Capsules group(1.5 g/kg),and the low-dose,moderate-dose,and high-dose Shuangyi Capsules groups(0.6,1.2,and 2.4 g/kg).The mouse model of osteoporosis was induced by 8-week intraperitoneal injection of Dex sodium phosphate injection(5 mg/kg).The mice had their femur osteogenesis observed with hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)staining;their serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and osteocalcin(BGP)activities detected by ELISA;their femoral mRNA expressions of Col-Ⅰ,OCN,and OPN detected by RT-qPCR;and their femoral protein expressions of OPG and RANKL detected by Western blot.Upon the MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to Dex and Shuangyi Capsules,their viability was evaluated by CCK-8 assay;their mineralization determined by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining(ARS);and their intracellular ROS level detected using DCFH-DA probe.RESULTS Compared with the model group,Shuangyi Capsules groups demonstrated improved fracture of femoral trabeculae and reduced number of osteoclasts;increased serum ALP and BGP activities(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);increased femoral expressions of Col-Ⅰ mRNA and OPG protein(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and decreased RANKL protein expression(P＜0.05).Compared with the MC3T3-E1 cells stimulated by Dex,those underwent further treatment of Shuangyi Capsules demonstrated increased cell viability and ALP activity(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);increased mineralization and calcium nodule formation;increased expressions of Col-Ⅰ,OCN,OPN mRNA and OPG protein(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);decreased RANKL protein expression(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and reduced ROS levels.CONCLUSION Shuangyi Capsules ameliorate Dex-induced osteoporosis in mice by suppressing osteoclast overactivation,enhancing osteoblast activity,and stimulating bone formation through modulation of Col-Ⅰ,OCN,OPN mRNA and OPG/RANKL protein levels.

Zebrafish is a relatively new experimental animal model with unique characteristics that enable its wide use in research on many human diseases.The exploration of anti-tumor drugs and other clinical treatments remain the focus of current research on cancer.Zebrafish characteristics,including rapid development,ease of observation,high genetic homology,and low-cost gene editing,make them highly useful for tumor research.By covering the applications of zebrafish in anti-tumor drug research and clinical studies,this review aims to provide valuable insights for the further utilization of zebrafish in cancer drug screening,assessment of drug activity and toxicity,and clinical research.