Objective:To detect the levels of sex hormones and insulin in follicular fluid(FF)and the expression level of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten(PTEN)in granulosa cells in the infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS),and to preliminarily explain the correlations between the insulin level and the expression level of PTEN mRNA.Methods:Seventy infertile patients were selected as the subjects and divided into PCOS group and control group(tubal obstruction or infertility due to male factors)according to infertility factors.All patients received in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET)treatment.FF and ovarian granulosa cells were collected on the day of ovulation.The expression levels of PTEN mRNA in ovarian granulosa cells of the patients in two groups were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method.The levels of sex hormone and insulin in FF were measured by electrochemiluminescence.The correlations of the PTEN mRNA expression level in ovarian granulosa cells and testosterone(T)in FF with the level of insulin in FF were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis method.Results:There were no significant differences in age,infertility years,body mass index(BMI),basic sex hormone,total dose of gonadotropin(Gn)and days of ovulation induction in two groups(P＞0.05).Compared with control group,the anti-Mullerian hormone(AMH)and antral follicle counting(AFC)of the patients in PCOS group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).The RT-qPCR results showed that the PTEN mRNA expression level in ovarian granulosa cells of the patients in the PCOS group was higher than that in control group(P＜0.001).The electrochemiluminescence results showed that the levels of T and insulin in FF of the patients in PCOS group were higher than those in control group(P＜0.05),whereas the estrogen and progesterone levels were lower than those in control group(P＜0.05).The Spearman correlation analysis showed that that T level in FF was positively correlated with the insulin level of the patients in PCOS group(r=0.577,P＜0.001),and the PTEN mRNA expression level in ovarian granulosa cells was positively correlated with the insulin levels in FF(r=0.616,P＜0.001);in control group,there was no correlation between T level and insulin level in FF(r=0.266,P=0.123),and there was no correlation between the expression level of PTEN mRNA in granulosa cells and the insulin level in FF in control group(r=-0.214,P=0.216).Conclusion:The high expression of PTEN in granulosa cells of the infertile patients with PCOS may be related to the local hyperinsulin level in the ovary,and PTEN participates in the occurrence and development of PCOS.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical, psychological, and social burdens on patients. Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying conditions such as asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and eosinophilic bronchitis, some patients experience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause. Many of these patients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensitivity syndrome, providing new directions for research into the treatment of chronic cough. As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated, treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of development. This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuromodulators used in the treatment of chronic cough, suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.

Chronic cough is a common condition that imposes significant physical,psychological,and social burdens on patients.Although chronic cough is often associated with underlying condi-tions such as asthma,gastroesophageal reflux dis-ease,and eosinophilic bronchitis,some patients ex-perience uncontrollable coughing that is difficult to attribute to a specific cause.Many of these pa-tients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensi-tivity syndrome,providing new directions for re-search into the treatment of chronic cough.As the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic cough are further elucidated,treatment approaches for chronic cough are entering a new stage of develop-ment.This article summarizes and discusses the mechanisms and clinical evidence of central neuro-modulators used in the treatment of chronic cough,suggesting promising clinical applications for these drugs in the future.