Objective To study the effect of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.Methods One hundred and ninety-four patients with severe traumatic brain injury were selected.The patients were divided into control group and observation group according to admission date (even number or odd number) with 97 cases each.The control group received only neurosurgical treatment, and the observation group received hyperbaric oxygen combined with neurosurgical treatment.The therapeutic effects of the 2 groups were compared.Results The waking time in observation group was significantly shorter than that in control group: (50.19 ± 5.23) h vs.(191.52 ± 9.67)h,the Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score and functional independence measure(FIM)score after treatment were significantly higher than those in control group:(12.21 ± 1.41)scores vs.(8.54 ± 1.38) scores and (85.91 ± 10.24) scores vs.(67.63 ± 9.76) scores, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05).The good recovery rate in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group:43.30%(42/97)vs.17.53%(17/97),the rate of plant survival and death was significantly lower than that in control group:10.31%(10/97)vs.31.96%(31/97),and there was statistical difference(P<0.05).The observation group did not appear hyperbaric oxygen treatment related adverse reactions.The incidences of lung infection,upper gastrointestinal bleeding and renal function impairment in the observation group were significantly lower than those in control group:15.46%(15/97)vs.38.14%(37/97),5.15%(5/97)vs.16.49% (16/97) and 6.19% (6/97) vs.16.49% (16/97), and there were statistical differences (P<0.05).Conclusions Compared with only neurosurgical treatment in patients with severe traumatic brain injury,hyperbaric oxygen combined with neurosurgical treatment has more advantages in shortening the waking time,improving self-care ability and prognosis,and reducing complications.