Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is currently the most common hair loss disease, which is the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and manifests itself as miniaturization of hair follicles around the top of the head and frontotemporal region, which eventually leads to hair reduction or disappearance. The pathogenesis of AGA is closely related to a variety of signaling pathways, which include the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, bone-forming protein (BMP) signaling pathway, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, and so on. Several cytokines are involved in these signaling pathways, including β-catenin, BMP2, IGF-1, and FGF5. An in-depth study of AGA-related signaling pathways and related cytokines can help to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of AGA, provide a certain theoretical basis for the discovery of new signaling pathways, and provide a new research direction for the treatment of AGA.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is currently the most common hair loss disease, which is the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and manifests itself as miniaturization of hair follicles around the top of the head and frontotemporal region, which eventually leads to hair reduction or disappearance. The pathogenesis of AGA is closely related to a variety of signaling pathways, which include the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, bone-forming protein (BMP) signaling pathway, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, and so on. Several cytokines are involved in these signaling pathways, including β-catenin, BMP2, IGF-1, and FGF5. An in-depth study of AGA-related signaling pathways and related cytokines can help to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of AGA, provide a certain theoretical basis for the discovery of new signaling pathways, and provide a new research direction for the treatment of AGA.

Postoperative thyroid scar not only causes itching, pain, and pulling, but also seriously affects the patient’s aesthetics, so it is important to study the prevention and treatment of postoperative thyroid scar. In the past 20 years, clinicians have made many innovative researches to alleviate postoperative thyroid scar growth, and the following progresses have been made: firstly, thyroid surgery methods and surgical accesses have been improved to a certain extent, resulting in more concealed and less traumatic accesses; secondly, the use of lasers and silicone and other drugs has significantly improved the scar treatment effect; thirdly, the concept of "cosmetic" is gradually gaining popularity, and related technical means are used throughout the treatment of postoperative scarring of the thyroid gland, and multiple treatment modalities are used "early" and "in combination" to "prevent" scar growth after surgery. The use of multiple treatment modalities to prevent scar growth in the early postoperative period has achieved twice the result with half the effort.

【Objective】 To analyze the clinical features of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation （NVAF） patients with left atrial/left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast （LA/LAASEC）， and investigate the correlation between LA/LAASEC and left atrial diameter. 【Methods】 Clinical data （including gender， age， and history of hypertension， diabetes， stroke or transient ischemic attack， vascular disease）， laboratory indexes （including coagulation indicators， blood routine， thyroid function）， and transthoracic echocardiogram parameters of 262 NVAF patients hospitalized in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of our hospital from November 2019 to January 2021 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. According to the results of transesophageal echocardiography， they were divided into control group and LA/LAASEC group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the influencing factors of LA/LAASEC. ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of left atrial diameter for LA/LAASEC. 【Results】 The proportion of non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in LA/LAASEC patients than the controls （65.9% vs. 32.2%， P<0.01）， and so was the CHA2DS2-VASC score （P=0.003）. Compared with the control group， left atrial diameter and left ventricular end-systolic/end-diastolic diameters were significantly increased， left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly decreased， and the level of NT-proBNP was significantly increased in LA/LAASEC group （P<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that non-paroxysmal AF （OR=2.451， 95% CI： 1.260-4.766， P<0.05）， CHA2DS2-VASc score （OR=1.236， 95% CI： 1.023-1.494， P<0.05）， and left atrial diameter （OR=1.086， 95% CI： 1.019-1.157， P<0.05） were independent risk factors for LA/LAASEC. ROC curve analysis displayed that the AUC for left atrial diameter in predicting LA/LAASEC was 0.731 （95% CI： 0.668-0.794， P<0.001）. 【Conclusion】 Left atrial diameter is closely related to LA/LAASEC in NVAF patients. Combined with atrial fibrillation type and CHA2DS2-VASC score， it has a potential value in predicting the risk of thromboembolism in NVAF patients.