Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by biofilm microorganisms and mediated by host immune imbalance.Uncontrolled periodontal infections are the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.Thrombotic diseases can lead to partial or complete obstruction of blood flow in the circulatory system,manifesting as organ or tissue ischemia and necrosis in patients with arterial thrombosis,and local edema,pain and circulatory instability in patients with venous thrombosis,which may lead to mortality or fatality in severe case.Recent studies found that periodontitis might enhance thrombosis through bacterial transmission or systemic inflammation by affecting platelet-immune cell interactions,as well as the coagulation,and periodontal therapy could have a prophylactic effect on patients with thrombotic diseases.In this review,we summarized clinical findings on the association between periodontitis and thrombotic diseases and discussed several novel prothrombotic periodontitis-related agents,and presented a perspective to emphasize the necessity of oral health management for people at high risk of thrombosis.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by biofilm microorganisms and mediated by host immune imbalance.Uncontrolled periodontal infections are the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.Thrombotic diseases can lead to partial or complete obstruction of blood flow in the circulatory system,manifesting as organ or tissue ischemia and necrosis in patients with arterial thrombosis,and local edema,pain and circulatory instability in patients with venous thrombosis,which may lead to mortality or fatality in severe case.Recent studies found that periodontitis might enhance thrombosis through bacterial transmission or systemic inflammation by affecting platelet-immune cell interactions,as well as the coagulation,and periodontal therapy could have a prophylactic effect on patients with thrombotic diseases.In this review,we summarized clinical findings on the association between periodontitis and thrombotic diseases and discussed several novel prothrombotic periodontitis-related agents,and presented a perspective to emphasize the necessity of oral health management for people at high risk of thrombosis.

3D printing technology has been widely applied in the field of clinical education in vascular surgery due to the advantage of 100% reduction of objects. Vascular surgeons with different levels benefit from 3D printing application in anatomy structure, operation plan, skill training with simulator. At present, the application of 3D printing model in vascular surgery is still in the initial stage with some limitations. This paper reviews the application, limitations, and prospects of 3D printing model in clinical teaching of vascular surgery.

Objective To evaluate 3D printing abdominal aortic aneurysm model in analysis of clinical teaching effect for standardized resident doctors in vascular surgery department. Methods 48 resi-dents in vascular surgery department in our hospital from December 2016 to September 2017 were seleeected and randomly divided into control group and the experimental group. The traditional vascular surgical anatomy atlas, ultrasound, CT abdominal blood vessel 3D reconstruction, digital subtraction, video and so on were used by 24 residents in the control group, while in the experimental group, on the basis of the traditional teaching, abdominal aortic aneurysm model of 3D printing, true aortic coated stent delivery system were increased. After the teaching, the theory of evaluation (abdominal vascular anatomical features, morphological characteristics and classification of AAA, measurement of various parameters and key points of operation in the EVAR) and satisfaction questionnaire were adopted to evaluate the effect of two kinds of teaching methods. SPSS 19.0 was used to conduct t test on two groups of physician evaluation data. Results The results of theoretical assessment showed that there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in the abdominal vascular anatomical features, the morphological features and the classification of the experimental group (P>0.05) in the examination of the common AAA cases and the complicated AAA cases. However, the experimental group was higher than the control group in the mea-surement of the parameters of EVAR, and the score of the operation points and the total score, and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.283, t=2.263, P<0.05). The results of the questionnaire showed that the students' satisfaction scores on the teaching satisfaction of the normal and complex AAA cases were better than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The 3D printing model can increase the understanding and mastery of the anatomy and treat-ment of abdominal aortic aneurysm and improve its learning enthusiasm for vascular surgery. We should make full use of the advantages of 3D printing technology on the basis of retaining the advantages of tradi-tional teaching methods and means, and further enhance the teaching effect.