The research and development of innovative drug have progressed remarkably, but the long development circle and high failure rate have become the bottleneck. Drug repurposing, discovering new indications of approved drugs, is a strategy to overcome these obstacles. By exploring new indications for approved drugs, rapid progress has been made in basic research and clinical translation in recent years. Rich resources of drugs, proven security, efficient development workflow and reduced cost are core advantages of this strategy, making the strategy a crucial direction of optimizing the pipeline of drug research and development. This review systematically summarizes drug repurposing cases that have received clinical approval over the past five years, and proposes core strategies for drug repurposing, including approaches based on targets, pathways, drug similarity, post-treatment phenotypes, and clinical side effects, aiming to provide some strategic guidance for drug repurposing efforts.

Tourette syndrome （TS） is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children， clinically characterized primarily by motor and/or vocal tics. Its pathogenesis is associated with hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia， and current medical treatments are limited by adverse reactions and unsatisfactory efficacy. In traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， TS is classified under categories such as "liver wind" and "convulsions"， and is considered to be closely related to liver dysregulation. Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis （URCU） is a commonly used wind-dispelling herb. URCU has a clearly defined origin and a rich chemical composition， with alkaloids as its major active constituents， including rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline. Its plasma components include multiple prototype alkaloids， which exhibit metabolic differences and phenomena such as enterohepatic circulation. Its brain-entering components possess blood-brain barrier permeability， and their distribution is associated with pharmacological effects. In recent years， increasing numbers of studies have focused on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of the active components of URCU in the treatment of TS. This article systematically reviews the mechanisms by which URCU and its main active constituents exert therapeutic effects on TS from the following aspects： regulation of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters to improve neurotransmitter system imbalance， neuroprotection and intervention in neuroinflammation-related pathways； antioxidant effects through activation of antioxidant signaling pathways， and immunomodulatory functions influencing immune cells and the gut microbiota. In addition， the clinical application of compound formulas containing URCU in the treatment of TS is summarized， with the aim of providing new perspectives for further research on the pharmacological mechanisms of URCU and the treatment of TS.

Tourette syndrome （TS） is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children， clinically characterized primarily by motor and/or vocal tics. Its pathogenesis is associated with hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia， and current medical treatments are limited by adverse reactions and unsatisfactory efficacy. In traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， TS is classified under categories such as "liver wind" and "convulsions"， and is considered to be closely related to liver dysregulation. Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis （URCU） is a commonly used wind-dispelling herb. URCU has a clearly defined origin and a rich chemical composition， with alkaloids as its major active constituents， including rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline. Its plasma components include multiple prototype alkaloids， which exhibit metabolic differences and phenomena such as enterohepatic circulation. Its brain-entering components possess blood-brain barrier permeability， and their distribution is associated with pharmacological effects. In recent years， increasing numbers of studies have focused on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of the active components of URCU in the treatment of TS. This article systematically reviews the mechanisms by which URCU and its main active constituents exert therapeutic effects on TS from the following aspects： regulation of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters to improve neurotransmitter system imbalance， neuroprotection and intervention in neuroinflammation-related pathways； antioxidant effects through activation of antioxidant signaling pathways， and immunomodulatory functions influencing immune cells and the gut microbiota. In addition， the clinical application of compound formulas containing URCU in the treatment of TS is summarized， with the aim of providing new perspectives for further research on the pharmacological mechanisms of URCU and the treatment of TS.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Yunnan Province fol-lowing interruption of schistosomiasis transmission, so as to provide the evidence for assessing the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and scientifically formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program. Methods According to the requirements of the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2020 Edition), O. hupensis snail surveillance data were collected from 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2024, including area of snail survey, area of snail habitats, area of re-emerging snail habitats, number of frames surveyed, number of frames with O. hupensis snails, number of O. hupensis snails captured, and number of living snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails were calculated. Changes in snail status over the 5-year period from 2020 to 2024 and the differences in snail distributions specified by epidemic intensity, environmental type, and vegetation type were analyzed. Results The areas of snail survey increased from 1 727.96 hm² in 2020 to 3 894.45 hm² in 2024 (peak) across 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province during the period from 2020 through 2024. The areas of snail habitats increased from 70.36 hm² in 2020 to a peak in 2023 (172.04 hm²), followed by a reduction to 132.36 hm² in 2024, and the areas of re-emerging snail habitats increased from 42.71 hm² in 2020 to a peak in 2022 (78.43 hm²), followed by a reduction to 40.21 hm² in 2024. The occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails increased from 1.24% (3 025/244 404) and (0.033 2 ± 0.038 7) snails/0.1 m² in 2020 to peaks at 2.03% (6 231/307 563) and (0.066 9 ± 0.068 4) snails/0.1 m² in 2023, followed by reductions to 1.04% (5 829/559 941) and (0.032 6 ± 0.057 7) snails/0.1 m² in 2024, respectively. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of frames with snails over the 5-year study period (χ² = 1 962.95, P < 0.05), and the occurrence of frames with snails reduced by 48.71% in 2024 relative to in 2023 (χ² = 1 411.05, P < 0.005); however, there was no significant difference in the mean density of living snails over the 5 years (H = 5.310, P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 481.27, P < 0.05) and mean density of living snails (H = 6.872, P < 0.05) in schistosomiasis-endemic areas with different epidemic intensities. The occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 25.32 and 38.70, both P values < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = 28.55 and 49.96, both P values < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted and eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas without snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 453.54, P < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = −56.97, P < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas with snails. O. hupensis snails were mainly distributed in paddy fields, dry farmlands and ditches; however, the occurrence of frames with snails (13.40%, 424/3 164) and mean density of living snails [(0.252 8 ± 0.158 7) snails/0.1 m²] were higher in ponds/weirs than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Rice, dry farmland crops and weeds were main vegetations in which O. hupensis snails were distributed, and the occurrence of frames with snails (2.29%, 7 111/310 140) and mean density of living snails [(0.072 3 ± 0.018 9) snails/0.1 m²] were higher in weeds than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions O. hupensis snails have been effectively controlled in Yunnan Province following implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control measures; however, there are still risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission, including reduced attention to schistosomiasis control and snail re-emergence. Improved control efforts and surveillance system construction and timely identification of risk factors of snail status and timely management are recommended to ensure the achievement of the target of schistosomiasis elimination as scheduled.

Alacrima-achalasia-mental retardation syndrome(AAMR) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutation in the GMPPA gene. Its pathogenesis is associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation. The clinical manifestations involve multiple system impairments, with alacrima, achalasia, and mental retardation as the core features. This article reports the diagnosis, treatment process and long-term follow-up outcomes after deep brain stimulation in one patient with AAMR complicated with dystonia, aiming to improve clinicians' understanding of this disease.

POEMS syndrome is a rare condition associated with plasma cell disorders， and it often involves multiple systems and has diverse clinical manifestations. This article reports two cases of POEMS syndrome with hepatosplenomegaly as the initial manifestation. During the course of the disease， the patients presented with lower limb weakness， hepatosplenomegaly， lymph node enlargement， ascites， hypothyroidism， positive M protein， and skin hyperpigmentation， and ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging revealed bone lesions mainly characterized by osteolytic changes and plasma cell tumors. There was an increase in the serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor. The patients were finally diagnosed with POEMS syndrome， and the symptoms were relieved after immunomodulatory treatment.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features of patients with congenital atresia of the oval window (CAOW).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 7 cases (8 ears) of surgically confirmed CAOW treated at our department from July 2018 to July 2024. Among the cases, 1 patient had bilateral CAOW, and 4 patients had unilateral CAOW combined with other types of ossicular chain malformations in the contralateral ear. We collected and analyzed the clinical data, audiological features, and temporal bone HRCT results of all patients.Results:The 7 patients were diagnosed at ages ranging from 8 to 19 years, with a mean age of (13.2±6.9) years. None of the patients exhibited significant auricular deformities. All presented with conductive hearing loss or mixed hearing loss predominantly of the conductive type, with an intact tympanic membrane. The diagnosis of CAOW was confirmed via endoscopic tympanotomy, revealing a concave oval window area on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, sealed by a bony plate. All 8 ears exhibited additional ossicular chain deformities. Stapes absence was present in all 8 ears. Partial absence of the incus long process was observed in 3 ears, while, abnormal bony connections between the incus long process and the promontory were seen in 4 ears, 1 ear had a short malleolar handle, 1 ear had a smaller than normal malleus volume. In addition, facial nerve deformities were found in 6 ears, with 4 ears showing bifurcation of the facial nerve and 2 ears showing facial nerve obscuration of the oval window. Pure-tone audiometry revealed that 62.5% (5/8 ears) of patients had air conduction (AC) thresholds≥60 dB preoperatively, with a mean pure-tone average (PTA) of (69.0±11.8) dB HL and a mean air-bone gap (ABG) of (52.0±7.0) dB. The mean AC threshold and ABG were higher in the low-frequency (125-1 000 Hz) range compared to the high-frequency (2 000-8 000 Hz) range (both P<0.05). Preoperative HRCT showed abnormalities in all patients, with 7 ears being diagnosable as CAOW. Although the remaining 1 ear could not be diagnosed as CAOW, stapes and incus long process absence were detected. Conclusion:CAOW is rare in clinical, as the patients with non-progressive conductive hearing loss (AC≥60 dB, ABG≥50 dB) since childhood, intact tympanic membrane without malformations of auricle and external auditory canal, and thick bony plate covered the oval window of the HRCT imaging, CAOW should be highly suspected, which could be confirmed by the exploratory tympanotomy.

Objective To investigate the correlation between apathy and imaging markers in pa-tients with aCSVD.Methods A total of 143 patients diagnosed with aCSVD and hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College,Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology from August 2023 to August 2024 were continu-ously included as the study objects.According to MAES,they were divided into an apathetic group(MAES score＞14,68 cases)and a non-apathetic group(MAES score ≤14,75 cases).The clinical data and imaging markers were compared between the two groups.Results The apathetic group had significantly older age and larger ratio of hypertension,but shorter years of education and lower MAES score than the non-apathetic group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The apathetic group also had notably higher Fazekas score of white matter hyperintensity(WMH),larger recent small sub-cortical infarct(RSSI),lacunar infarct(LI),and perivascular space(PVS)in the basal ganglia and the centrum semiovale,more obvious cerebral atrophy and cerebral microbleed(CMB),and high-er total imaging burden score when compared with the non-apathetic group(P＜0.01).In the aCSVD patients,the MAES score was positively correlated with WMH Fazekas score,RSSI,LI,basal ganglia PVS,centrum semiovale PVS,cerebral atrophy,CMB,and total imaging burden score(P＜0.01).WMH Fazekas score was an independent risk factor for apathy in the aCSVD patients(OR=2.218,95％CI:1.343-3.664,P=0.002).Conclusion The higher the score of ima-ging markers in patients with aCSVD,the more severe the apathy.

Weight management is an important initiative to improve the serious situation of overweight and obesity in China,and clinical dietitians in tertiary hospitals are a key part of it.Currently,clinical dietitians in China are facing problems such as unclear role definitions and responsibilities,marginalization of work content and imbalance of resource allocation.A clear definition of responsibilities and an efficient service model are necessary for the effective implementation of weight management.On the basis of constructing the post responsibility matching model for clinical dietitians in tertiary hospitals,it explored the weight management service model for clinical dietitians,analyzed optimization pathways for their workflow,and proposed suggestions for the optimization of the post responsibilities and incentive measures,so as to provide theoretical support and practical paths for the improvement of the population's weight management system.

Human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) reactivation is a significant contributor to nonrelapse mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This retrospective analysis describes three cases of HHV-6B reactivation following allo-HSCT, all of which achieved viral clearance with maribavir treatment following failure or intolerance to first-line antiviral therapy with foscarnet sodium. One patient diagnosed with HHV-6B encephalitis recovered without neurological sequelae. No adverse drug reactions to maribavir were observed. These findings provide preliminary evidence that maribavir may serve as an effective and safe salvage therapy for HHV-6B reactivation in patients receiving allo-HSCT.