Aim To establish an animal model of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)integrating blood stasis syndrome and syndrome evaluation indicators.Methods Twenty-five SD rats were ran-domly divided according to body weight into a control group(8 rats)and a modeling group(17 rats).The modeling group was fed a high-sugar and high-fat diet for four weeks and induced to form diabetic rats by intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg·kg-1 streptozocin.The modeling rats were randomly divided into the DKD group and blood stasis syndrome combination group accord-ing to 24-hour urinary protein(24-hUP).The blood stasis syn-drome combination group was induced to replicate the DKD blood stasis syndrome model by injecting 10％high molecular weight D-glucoside three times at a dose of 0.05 mg·kg-1 via tail vein.The model was evaluated based on random blood glu-cose level,24-hUP level,syndrome assessment,pathological staining etc,and differential metabolites were selected using metabolomics.Results The comprehensive evaluation of syn-drome manifestations and pathological staining in the combined model of blood stasis syndrome in rats demonstrated successful replication.Utilizing the technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,22 differential metabolites were identified,with associated pathways showing a certain relevance to blood stasis syndrome in DKD.Conclusions The successful replica-tion of an animal model combining the syndrome of blood stasis in DKD has been achieved in this study.Evaluation of indicators and results from metabolomics studies consistently demonstrate a correlation with the syndrome of blood stasis in DKD.

Hospital pharmacy research is significant in enhancing the level of rational drug use,improving the quality of pharmacy services,and promoting the improvement of drug treatment effects.To guarantee the standardization of hospital pharmacy research,the compilation team of"Hospital Pharmacy Research Standards"adheres to the principles of scientificity,universality,guidance,and operability,combs through the key management contents from three aspects,namely,relevant national policy docu-ments,relevant domestic and international standards and norms,and literature analysis,combines with the actual working condition of hospital pharmacy research,and formulates the standards after several rounds of opinion collection and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,including basic requirements,research process management,and research re-sults management,to provide guidance and reference for hospital pharmacy researchers to understand the standard in-depth and further improve the standardization of hospital pharmacy research.

Aim To investigate the mechanisms of the ultrafiltration membrane extract of Angelica sinensis and Radix Hedysari extracts on oxidative stress in rats with diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Methods Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into a control group(n=8)a model group(n=37).Rats in the model group were fed a high-sugar,high-fat diet for four weeks,followed by intraperitoneal injection of strepto-zotocin at a dose of 30 mg·kg-1 to induce diabetes in the rats.Three weeks later,rats with 24-hour urinary protein(24-hUP)levels more than or equal to 30 mg were injected via the tail vein with 0.05 mg·kg-1 of 10％high molecular weight dextran for three times to induce a model of blood stasis in diabetic kidney dis-ease(DKD).The rats were then evaluated for random blood glucose(GLU)levels,24-hUP,biochemical markers,histopathological staining,and the protein expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-phate(NADPH)oxidase(NOX)1,NOX2,NOX3,NOX4,and NOX5 in renal tissues using immunoblot a-nalysis.Results Compared to the control group,rats in the model group showed significantly increased GLU,24-hUP,SCr,BUN,TG,TC,bu markedly de-creased ALB2,HDL,LDL levels,and the relative ex-pression of NOX1,NOX2,NOX4,NOX5 proteins in-creased markedly(P＜0.01);Comparison with the model group,rats in the treatment group exhibited sig-nificantly decreased GLU,24-hUP,SCr,BUN,TG,TC at 6 weeks and 8 weeks,but markedly increased ALB2,HDL,LDL levels,and the relative expression of NOX1,NOX2,NOX4,NOX5 proteins decreased significantly(P＜0.05).Conclusions The ultrafil-tration membrane extract of Angelica sinensis and Radix Hedysari can effectively ameliorate oxidative stress and renal function in DKD rats,which may be associated with targets within the NOX family.

Aim To establish an animal model of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)integrating blood stasis syndrome and syndrome evaluation indicators.Methods Twenty-five SD rats were ran-domly divided according to body weight into a control group(8 rats)and a modeling group(17 rats).The modeling group was fed a high-sugar and high-fat diet for four weeks and induced to form diabetic rats by intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg·kg-1 streptozocin.The modeling rats were randomly divided into the DKD group and blood stasis syndrome combination group accord-ing to 24-hour urinary protein(24-hUP).The blood stasis syn-drome combination group was induced to replicate the DKD blood stasis syndrome model by injecting 10％high molecular weight D-glucoside three times at a dose of 0.05 mg·kg-1 via tail vein.The model was evaluated based on random blood glu-cose level,24-hUP level,syndrome assessment,pathological staining etc,and differential metabolites were selected using metabolomics.Results The comprehensive evaluation of syn-drome manifestations and pathological staining in the combined model of blood stasis syndrome in rats demonstrated successful replication.Utilizing the technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,22 differential metabolites were identified,with associated pathways showing a certain relevance to blood stasis syndrome in DKD.Conclusions The successful replica-tion of an animal model combining the syndrome of blood stasis in DKD has been achieved in this study.Evaluation of indicators and results from metabolomics studies consistently demonstrate a correlation with the syndrome of blood stasis in DKD.

Aim To investigate the key targets and mechanisms of diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)by in-tegrating network pharmacology and molecular docking technology with animal experiments,and to specifically focus on exploring the effects of hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharide(HPS)on DGP through animal experi-mentation to validate its potential as a treatment for di-abetic gastroparesis.Methods The chemical constit-uents of HPS were analyzed,and the active chemical components of Radix Astragali were identified using the TCMSP database.The Swisstarget database was utilized to screen for HPS active ingredient targets,while DGP-related targets were identified from disease databases such as TTD,GeneCards,Drugbank,and DisGeNET.The STRING database was used to construct the PPI network,and Cytoscape 3.10.1 software was employed for network topology analysis and selection of key tar-gets.Subsequently,a compound-target-pathway net-work diagram was constructed.Key targets underwent GO function(biological function,molecular function,and cellular function)and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using the Metascape database.Molecular doc-king was performed using Pymol 2.5 and AutoDock software.DGP rat model was established to observe the histopathological changes in small intestine after eight weeks of HPS intervention through HE staining.Addi-tionally,Western blot was conducted to detect the ex-pression of AGEs,RAGE,and NF-κB in eggs.The re-sults revealed a total of 302 key targets.Results A total of 302 key targets which were further analyzed for gene GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment.CUL3,YWHAZ,and NTRK1 were predicted as the key targets with critical pathways including the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,viral carci-nogenesis,hepatitis B,and alcoholism signaling path-way among others.Furthermore,in vivo experiments confirmed that HPS could improve small intestine histo-pathology in DGP rats,resulting in significant protective effects on this organ.It also reduced the expression of AGEs,RAGE,and NF-κB protein,hence achieving its purpose of treating DGP.Conclusion HPS has the characteristics of multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway action,which may affect the regulatory role of AGE-RAGE signaling pathway on DGP,and provide new ideas for the subsequent clinical improve-ment of DGP.

Aim To investigate the mechanisms of the ultrafiltration membrane extract of Angelica sinensis and Radix Hedysari extracts on oxidative stress in rats with diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Methods Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into a control group(n=8)a model group(n=37).Rats in the model group were fed a high-sugar,high-fat diet for four weeks,followed by intraperitoneal injection of strepto-zotocin at a dose of 30 mg·kg-1 to induce diabetes in the rats.Three weeks later,rats with 24-hour urinary protein(24-hUP)levels more than or equal to 30 mg were injected via the tail vein with 0.05 mg·kg-1 of 10％high molecular weight dextran for three times to induce a model of blood stasis in diabetic kidney dis-ease(DKD).The rats were then evaluated for random blood glucose(GLU)levels,24-hUP,biochemical markers,histopathological staining,and the protein expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-phate(NADPH)oxidase(NOX)1,NOX2,NOX3,NOX4,and NOX5 in renal tissues using immunoblot a-nalysis.Results Compared to the control group,rats in the model group showed significantly increased GLU,24-hUP,SCr,BUN,TG,TC,bu markedly de-creased ALB2,HDL,LDL levels,and the relative ex-pression of NOX1,NOX2,NOX4,NOX5 proteins in-creased markedly(P＜0.01);Comparison with the model group,rats in the treatment group exhibited sig-nificantly decreased GLU,24-hUP,SCr,BUN,TG,TC at 6 weeks and 8 weeks,but markedly increased ALB2,HDL,LDL levels,and the relative expression of NOX1,NOX2,NOX4,NOX5 proteins decreased significantly(P＜0.05).Conclusions The ultrafil-tration membrane extract of Angelica sinensis and Radix Hedysari can effectively ameliorate oxidative stress and renal function in DKD rats,which may be associated with targets within the NOX family.

Hospital pharmacy research is significant in enhancing the level of rational drug use,improving the quality of pharmacy services,and promoting the improvement of drug treatment effects.To guarantee the standardization of hospital pharmacy research,the compilation team of"Hospital Pharmacy Research Standards"adheres to the principles of scientificity,universality,guidance,and operability,combs through the key management contents from three aspects,namely,relevant national policy docu-ments,relevant domestic and international standards and norms,and literature analysis,combines with the actual working condition of hospital pharmacy research,and formulates the standards after several rounds of opinion collection and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,including basic requirements,research process management,and research re-sults management,to provide guidance and reference for hospital pharmacy researchers to understand the standard in-depth and further improve the standardization of hospital pharmacy research.

Aim To investigate the key targets and mechanisms of diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)by in-tegrating network pharmacology and molecular docking technology with animal experiments,and to specifically focus on exploring the effects of hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharide(HPS)on DGP through animal experi-mentation to validate its potential as a treatment for di-abetic gastroparesis.Methods The chemical constit-uents of HPS were analyzed,and the active chemical components of Radix Astragali were identified using the TCMSP database.The Swisstarget database was utilized to screen for HPS active ingredient targets,while DGP-related targets were identified from disease databases such as TTD,GeneCards,Drugbank,and DisGeNET.The STRING database was used to construct the PPI network,and Cytoscape 3.10.1 software was employed for network topology analysis and selection of key tar-gets.Subsequently,a compound-target-pathway net-work diagram was constructed.Key targets underwent GO function(biological function,molecular function,and cellular function)and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using the Metascape database.Molecular doc-king was performed using Pymol 2.5 and AutoDock software.DGP rat model was established to observe the histopathological changes in small intestine after eight weeks of HPS intervention through HE staining.Addi-tionally,Western blot was conducted to detect the ex-pression of AGEs,RAGE,and NF-κB in eggs.The re-sults revealed a total of 302 key targets.Results A total of 302 key targets which were further analyzed for gene GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment.CUL3,YWHAZ,and NTRK1 were predicted as the key targets with critical pathways including the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,viral carci-nogenesis,hepatitis B,and alcoholism signaling path-way among others.Furthermore,in vivo experiments confirmed that HPS could improve small intestine histo-pathology in DGP rats,resulting in significant protective effects on this organ.It also reduced the expression of AGEs,RAGE,and NF-κB protein,hence achieving its purpose of treating DGP.Conclusion HPS has the characteristics of multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway action,which may affect the regulatory role of AGE-RAGE signaling pathway on DGP,and provide new ideas for the subsequent clinical improve-ment of DGP.

Background/Aims: Despite the high efficacy of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), approximately 1–3% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients fail to achieve a sustained virological response. We conducted a nationwide study to investigate risk factors associated with DAA treatment failure. Machine-learning algorithms have been applied to discriminate subjects who may fail to respond to DAA therapy. Methods: We analyzed the Taiwan HCV Registry Program database to explore predictors of DAA failure in HCV patients. Fifty-five host and virological features were assessed using multivariate logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and artificial neural network. The primary outcome was undetectable HCV RNA at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Results: The training (n=23,955) and validation (n=10,346) datasets had similar baseline demographics, with an overall DAA failure rate of 1.6% (n=538). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, poor DAA adherence, and higher hemoglobin A1c were significantly associated with virological failure. XGBoost outperformed the other algorithms and logistic regression models, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 1.000 in the training dataset and 0.803 in the validation dataset. The top five predictors of treatment failure were HCV RNA, body mass index, α-fetoprotein, platelets, and FIB-4 index. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the XGBoost model (cutoff value=0.5) were 99.5%, 69.7%, 99.9%, 97.4%, and 99.5%, respectively, for the entire dataset. Conclusions Machine learning algorithms effectively provide risk stratification for DAA failure and additional information on the factors associated with DAA failure.

Background/Aims: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who failed antiviral therapy are at increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study assessed the potential role of metformin and statins, medications for diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperlipidemia (HLP), in reducing HCC risk among these patients. Methods: We included CHC patients from the T-COACH study who failed antiviral therapy. We tracked the onset of HCC 1.5 years post-therapy by linking to Taiwan’s cancer registry data from 2003 to 2019. We accounted for death and liver transplantation as competing risks and employed Gray’s cumulative incidence and Cox subdistribution hazards models to analyze HCC development. Results: Out of 2,779 patients, 480 (17.3%) developed HCC post-therapy. DM patients not using metformin had a 51% increased risk of HCC compared to non-DM patients, while HLP patients on statins had a 50% reduced risk compared to those without HLP. The 5-year HCC incidence was significantly higher for metformin non-users (16.5%) versus non-DM patients (11.3%; adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio [aSHR]=1.51; P=0.007) and metformin users (3.1%; aSHR=1.59; P=0.022). Statin use in HLP patients correlated with a lower HCC risk (3.8%) compared to non-HLP patients (12.5%; aSHR=0.50; P<0.001). Notably, the increased HCC risk associated with non-use of metformin was primarily seen in non-cirrhotic patients, whereas statins decreased HCC risk in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. Conclusions Metformin and statins may have a chemopreventive effect against HCC in CHC patients who failed antiviral therapy. These results support the need for personalized preventive strategies in managing HCC risk.