Recent advances in large models demonstrate significant prospects for transforming the field of medical imaging. These models, including large language models, large visual models, and multimodal large models, offer unprecedented capabilities in processing and interpreting complex medical data across various imaging modalities. By leveraging self-supervised pretraining on vast unlabeled datasets, cross-modal representation learning, and domain-specific medical knowledge adaptation through fine-tuning, large models can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy and more efficient workflows for key clinical tasks. This review summarizes the concepts, methods, and progress of large models in medical imaging, highlighting their potential in precision medicine. The article first outlines the integration of multimodal data under large model technologies, approaches for training large models with medical datasets, and the need for robust evaluation metrics. It then explores how large models can revolutionize applications in critical tasks such as image segmentation, disease diagnosis, personalized treatment strategies, and real-time interactive systems, thus pushing the boundaries of traditional imaging analysis. Despite their potential, the practical implementation of large models in medical imaging faces notable challenges, including the scarcity of high-quality medical data, the need for optimized perception of imaging phenotypes, safety considerations, and seamless integration with existing clinical workflows and equipment. As research progresses, the development of more efficient, interpretable, and generalizable models will be critical to ensuring their reliable deployment across diverse clinical environments. This review aims to provide insights into the current state of the field and provide directions for future research to facilitate the broader adoption of large models in clinical practice.
Humans ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods* ; Precision Medicine/methods* ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods*

Objective To investigate the effect of left bundle branch area pacing(LBBaP)on new-onset atrial fibrillation(NOAF)and atrial high rate episodes(AHREs)in patients with atrioventricular block(AVB).Methods Eighty-four patients with Ⅲ°AVB for pacemaker implantaion were divided into the LBBaP group(n=42)and the RVSP group(n=42)based on the site of the ventricular leads.The two groupswere compared in terms of the pre-and post-operative QRSd,ventricular pacing parameters,complications,incidence of stroke,NOAF and AHREs.Results(1)The incidence of postoperative NOAF and AHREs in the LBBaP group was significantly lower compared with RVSP group(P<0.05).(2)The p-QRSd in the LBBaP group was significantly shorter compared with RVSP group(P<0.05).(3)The two groups showed no significant differences in ventricular pacing parameters,incidence of complications and stroke events(P>0.05).Conclusion LBBaP is superior to right ventricular pacing in reducing the incidence of postoperative AHREs and NOAF in patients after implantation and improving the prognosis of patients.

Ischemic stroke （IS） is a serious cerebrovascular disease common in clinical practice. Targeting the pathogenesis of IS， intravenous thrombolysis for restoring blood flow is still the most effective therapy. However， intravenous thrombolysis has shortcomings such as increased bleeding risk， narrow therapeutic window， and contraindications， which limited its clinical application. Protection of the ischemic brain tissue before full recovery of blood flow is associated with the prognosis of IS. Studies have identified multiple pathways in the alleviation of the brain injury caused by IS， such as the mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has abundant therapies and unique advantages in the treatment of IS， especially in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life of patients. After the onset of IS， TCM can be integrated with Western medicine to play a role in the whole process of treatment， rehabilitation， and recurrence prevention as soon as possible， thus maximizing patient benefits. TCM has clinical significance for the recovery of neurological and motor functions after IS. Studies have shown that TCM can reduce the cerebral injury caused by IS by regulating and activating the mTOR signaling pathway， thereby regulating autophagy， inhibiting apoptosis of nerve cells， and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. TCM exerts a positive effect for achieving cerebral protection and improving the prognosis of IS and provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of IS. This article introduces the role of the mTOR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of IS and reviews the research progress in the TCM regulation of this pathway in the treatment of IS， aiming to provide new therapeutic ideas and systematic scientific reference for the treatment of IS with TCM.

Objective:To investigate the effect of tofacitinib on early atherosclerosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and explore the possible relationship between lupus nephritis and early atherosclerosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.Methods:Sixteen 8-week-old female MRL/lpr mice with a body weight of 20~25 g were selected and randomly divided into the treatment group and placebo group, with 8 mice in each group. The treatment group diluted tofacitinib by normal saline, and given at a dose of 10 mg·kg -1·d -1, and the placebo group (starch tablets) administered the medication in the same way as the treatment group for a total of 8 weeks. The ELISA method was applied to detect serum anti-dsDNA antibody levels in the two groups of mice. Bradford method protein concentration was used to determine the level of urine protein in mice. Automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect blood lipids, urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, complement C3, complement C4 levels. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase family 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) in aortic and kidney tissues. After the aortic arch section were prepared, oil red O was used to stain the sections, and the vascular plaque area and intimal thickness were evaluated by ImageJ software. The kidneys were dissected and stained with HE, and the active lesions of lupus nephritis were evaluated using the glomerular activity scoring system. SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis, in which the between-group comparison was performed using two independent samples t-test, and the correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman method. Results:①The serum anti-dsDNA antibody expression level in the treatment group [(5.2±1.0) U/ml] was lower than that in the placebo group [(6.9±1.2) U/ml], ( Z=-3.07, P=0.008), and the levels of complement C3 and complement C4 were higher than those in the placebo group [(293±10) mg/L vs. (260±19) mg/L, Z=2.72, P=0.017]; (16±6) mg/L vs. (8±9) mg/L, Z=3.78, P=0.006]. There was no significant difference in serum BUN and Scr between the treatment group and the placebo group [(10.6±0.7) mmol/L vs. (11.5±1.1) mmol/L, Z=-1.96, P=0.071; (17±5) μmol/L vs. (22±6) μmol/L, Z=-1.79, P=0.095]. ② Compared with the placebo group, the levels of LDL, TC and TG in the treatment group decreased [(0.83±0.15) mmol/L vs. (1.08±1.05) mmol/L, Z=-3.95, P=0.001; (2.90±0.08) mmol/L vs. (1.81±0.97) mmol/L, Z=-5.17, P=0.001; (1.10±0.08) mmol/L vs. (1.60±0.42) mmol/L, Z=-3.23, P=0.013], and HDL level increased [(2.02±0.99) mmol/L vs. (1.81±0.97) mmol/L, Z=4.42, P=0.001]. ③ Compared with the placebo group, the levels of aortic MCP-1, JAK1, STAT1 and STAT2 in the treatment group were reduced [(0.17±0.30) vs. (0.23±0.05), Z=-3.06, P=0.009; (0.83±0.09) vs. (1.05±0.19), Z=-3.07, P=0.008; (0.77±0.07) vs. (0.94±0.13), Z=-2.83, P=0.014; (0.70±0.07) vs. (0.82±0.09), Z=-2.83, P=0.013], the aortic plaque area and aortic intimal thickness were lower than those in the placebo group [(12±31) μm 2vs. (1 242±1 101) μm 2, Z=-3.12, P=0.016; (63±7) μm vs. (82.10±8.06) μm, Z=-5.13, P<0.001]. ④ Compared with the placebo group, the urine protein level and glomerulonephritis activity score in the treatment group were decreased [(0.08±0.03) mg/mL vs. (0.20±0.11) mg/mL, Z=-3.08, P=0.015; (1.79±0.38) vs. (2.79±0.14) points, Z=-7.08, P<0.001)], and renal tissue MCP-1, JAK1, STAT1.Compared with the placebo group, STAT2 levels were reduced [(0.364±0.040) vs. (0.425±0.021), Z=-3.85, P=0.003; (0.689±0.074) vs. (0.838±0.068), Z=-4.19, P=0.001; (0.508±0.070) vs. (0.646±0.019), Z=-2.85, P=0.015; (0.618±0.062) vs. (0.740±0.101), Z=-2.94, P=0.013. ⑤ The glomerular mobility scores of the two groups were positively correlated with LDL, TCHO, TG, aortic plaque area and aortic intimal thickness ( r=0.51, P=0.043; r=0.79, P<0.001; r=0.64, P=0.008; r=0.82, P<0.001; r=0.74, P=0.001), and negatively correlated with HDL ( r=-0.53, P=0.036). The urine protein levels in the two groups were positively correlated with LDL, TC, TG, aortic plaque area and aortic intimal thickness ( r=0.67, P=0.004; r=0.68, P=0.004; r=0.53, P=0.033; r=0.80, P<0.001; r=0.74, P=0.001), and negatively correlated with HDL ( r=-0.57, P=0.021). Conclusion:The severity of lupus nephritis is correlated with atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia in the early stage of systemic lupus erythematosus. Tofacitinib may reduce the degree of early arteriosclerosis and lupus nephritis in MRL/LPR mice, and reduce blood lipid levels, which may be effective in improving the prognosis of SLE and improving the survival rate of patients.

Objectives:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of implantation of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator(S-ICD)after transvenous lead extraction(TLE)in ICD patients without pacing indications. Methods:All patients who underwent TLE at Peking University People's Hospital from June 2018 to October 2023 were consecutively included.TLE indication,S-ICD implantation indication,defibrillation threshold(DFT)test,complications and postoperative follow-up were collected and analyzed. Results:A total of 11 patients with TV-ICD underwent S-ICD implantation after TLE,eight patients were males and median age were 56(44,65)years.The indications for TLE were infection and lead dysfunction.Nine patients were implanted with S-ICD for secondary prevention,and the most common cause of implantation was ion channelopathies(5 cases).The operative time for S-ICD was 51(48,58)minutes and no perioperative complications were noted.Eight patients underwent DFT testing,and 100%were successful.During a median follow up of 30(9,39)months,a total of six appropriate treatments occurred in two patients,and no complications occurred,including inappropriate treatment,ineffective treatment,infection,lead malfunction and death. Conclusions:Our study provides evidence for S-ICD implantation as a replacement after TV-ICD removal.The S-ICD implantation after TLE is safe and effective.

Objective:To explore the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) in hippocampus of post-stroke depression (PSD) model rats and its effect on cell apoptosis and depressive-like behavior.Methods:Sixty SPF-grade male SD rats aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups (12 rats in each group): normal group, stroke group, depression group, PSD group and carbenoxolone(CBX) group. The stroke model was established by injection of endothelin-1.Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with solitary rearing was used to establish a depression model. Rats in PSD group were given CUMS and raised alone on the seventh day of stroke modeling.Rats in CBX group were given intraperitoneal injection of CBX(20 mg/kg) on 14th day after PSD modeling. The depressive-like behavior of rats was evaluated by sugar water preference test and open field test. The expression of Cx43 mRNA in hippocampus of rats was detected by RT-PCR, the expression levels of Cx43, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blot, and the changes of apoptosis rate were detected by TUNEL staining. SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis, the behavioral data were analyzed by repeated measurement ANOVA, the remaining data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and the LSD- t test was used for further pairwise comparison. Results:(1)As for the preference rate of sugar water and the times of crossing the grid, the interaction effects between time and group were significant among the 5 groups( Finteraction=35.57, 111.43, both P<0.05). On the 28th day after operation, the preference rate of sugar water and the times of crossing grid in depression group and PSD group were lower than those in stroke group (all P<0.05), while the preference rate of sugar water and the times of crossing grid in CBX group were both lower than those in PSD group (both P<0.05). (2) The levels of Cx43 mRNA and Cx43 protein in the five groups were significantly different ( F=273.57, 64.56, both P<0.05). The levels of Cx43 mRNA and Cx43 protein in depression group ((0.59±0.05), (0.69±0.08)) and PSD group ((0.61±0.07), (0.63±0.12)) were lower than those in stroke group ((1.01±0.03), (1.05±0.08)) (all P<0.05). The levels of Cx43 mRNA and Cx43 protein in CBX group ((0.30±0.01), (0.37±0.09)) were lower than those in PSD group (both P<0.05). (3) The protein levels of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax and the apoptosis rate of the five groups were significantly different ( F=102.40, 90.27, 47.42, 159.99, 115.21, all P<0.05). The levels of caspase-3, Bax protein, apoptosis rate in stroke group ((0.44±0.06), (0.54±0.07), (29.16±5.03)) and depression group ((0.45±0.07), (0.59±0.09), (27.00±4.93)) were higher than those in normal group ((0.21±0.08), (0.33±0.07), (4.83±3.18)) (all P<0.05), the levels of Bcl-2 protein and Bcl-2/Bax in stroke group ((0.80±0.04), (1.51±0.20)) and depression group ((0.60±0.09), (1.03±0.09)) were lower than those in normal group ((1.04±0.13), (3.14±0.38)) (all P<0.05).The levels of caspase-3, Bax protein and apoptosis rate in PSD group ((0.76±0.05), (0.84±0.02), (44.50±3.83)) were all higher than those in stroke group and depression group (all P<0.05), and the levels of Bcl-2 protein and Bcl-2/Bax in PSD group ((0.50±0.14), (0.59±0.17)) were lower than those in stroke group and depression group (both P<0.05). The levels of caspase-3 and Bax protein and the apoptosis rate in CBX group ((1.03±0.10), (1.02±0.05), (56.00±4.81)) were higher than those in PSD group (all P<0.05).The levels of Bcl-2 protein and Bcl-2/Bax in CBX group((0.26±0.08), (0.25±0.08)) were lower than those in PSD group (both P<0.05). Conclusion:The expression level of Cx43 in the hippocampus of PSD model rats is downregulated, which can promote cell apoptosis and exacerbate depressive behavior.

Objective To establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method for the detection of 34 prohibited and restricted pesticide residues in Atractylodes,and 21 batches of commercially available Atractylodes were detected to preliminarily investigate the pesticide residues in commercial Atractylodes.Methods The samples were extracted with pure acetonitrile,the extracts were purified by Waters-HLB 3cc(60 mg)solid phase extraction column,separated by Waters-C18 column,0.1%formic acid water(containing 10 mmol/L ammonium formate)and acetonitrile were used as mobile phases(gradient elution),and quantitatively analyzed by external standard method in multi-reaction monitoring positive ion mode according to the retention time.Results The linear relationship of each component was good in their respective concentration ranges,the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.998 0.The limits of detection were within 0.8-4.0 μg/kg,and the limits of quantification were within 2.0-10.0 μg/kg.The average recovery rate was 74.1%-97.4%,and RSD was 0.6%-6.4%(n=9).Seven pesticide residues were found in 13 batches of 21 Atractylodes macrocephalus samples.Conclusion This method is simple to operate,accurate in quantification,has high recovery rate and good repeatability,and is suitable for the detection of multiple residues of prohibited and restricted pesticides in Atractylodes.

Objective:To investigate the current situation and organizational management policies of government procurement in public hospitals,and to improve the level of standardized management of government procurement.Methods:An electronic questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the current status of organization and administration of government procurement in different types and levels of public hospitals across the country.The current situation of the organizational structure,management system,working mode,supervision and evaluation,budget establishment,bidding and procurement,contract signing,acceptance process,payment management,and other aspects of government procurement management in public hospitals were analyzed.Results:A total of 216 valid questionnaires were collected from 216 public hospitals in 28 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions across the country,including 165 general hospitals,37 specialized hospitals and 13 traditional Chinese medicine hospitals,accounting for 76.39％,17.13％and 6.02％respectively;among the hospital levels,there were 202 tertiary hospitals(accounting for 93.52％).Among the surveyed government procurement management institutions of public hospitals,there were 112,103,110 and 112 organizations at the four levels of procurement management committee,procurement management office,procurement center and business and administrative logistics department,accounting for 51.85％,47.69％,50.93％and 51.85％respectively.The quota standards for public bidding for government procurement in all hospitals were in line with the requirements of national laws and regulations.The approval of funds payment must conditions of each hospital complied with relevant requirements.In terms of management effects of risk prevention and control,the hospitals with very good,good,average and inadequate were 48,125,34 and 9 respectively,accounting for 22.22％,57.87％,15.74％and 4.17％.Conclusion:The organizational framework and management system of government procurement in public hospitals are becoming increasingly standardized,and there are certain differences in the work mode and process of government procurement in different hospitals,and the supervision and evaluation are relatively weak,which is worthy of attention and strengthened administration.

Objective To explore the neuroprotective role of Rab10 gene in depression and the mechanism mediating its effect.Methods Forty-eight male SD rats were randomized into a control group and 3 chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)groups(n=12).The rats in the latter 3 groups were subjected to injections of normal saline,an adeno-associated viral(AAV)vector,or a Rab10-overexpressing AAV vector in the lateral ventricle after CUMS modeling.The depressive behavioral changes of the rats were assessed using behavioral tests.The TargetScan database was used to predict the miRNA interacting with Rab10 and the binding sites.The interaction between miRNA-103-3p and Rab10 was investigated using dual-luciferase and radioimmunoprecipitation(RIP)assay.The effect of corticosterone treatment on PC12 cell viability was assessed with CCK-8 assay.In corticosterone-stimulated PC12 cells,the changes in BDNF,CREB,p62,Beclin-1,Wnt3a,Gsk3β,phosphorylated(p)-Gsk3β,and β-catenin protein expressions following transfection with the Rab10-overexpressing AAV vector and a miRNA-103-3p inhibitor,alone or in combination,were analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting.Results Injection of Rab10-overexpressing AVV vector into the lateral ventricle significantly improved depressive behaviors of CUMS rats.The mRNA and proteins expression of Rab10 were significantly down-regulated in the hippocampus of CUMS rats and in corticosterone-stimulated PC12 cells.Bioinformatics analysis and the results of double luciferase and RIP experiments confirmed the targeting relationship between miRNA-103-3p and Rab10.In PC12 cells,overexpression of Rab10 or silencing miRNA-103-3p activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway,up-regulated the expressions of BDNF,CREB and Beclin-1,and down-regulated the expression of p62 protein;silencing Rab10 obviously blocked the effect of miRNA-103-3p inhibitor.Conclusion In mouse models of depression,miRNA-103-3p activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling via targeting rab10 to improve neural plasticity and promotes neural cell autophagy.

A 19-year-old male patient was admitted to a community hospital in Yangpu District of Shanghai in September 2023 due to diarrhea (4 times per day, watery stool) for 3 consecutive days. The patient had a history of eating out at a barbecue restaurant the night before the onset. The case accorded with diarrhea disease surveillance, and the pathogen was isolated as "non-A-F serogroup Salmonella" by the public health laboratory in the area where the patient′s feces swab was collected. The strain was identified as Salmonella Urbana ST512 by serological typing, antimicrobial resistance phenotype, and whole genome sequencing analysis in the Reference Lab, and then compared with the regional serotype database of Salmonella in China. At last, the patient was cured after taking levofloxacin orally for 3 days.