background: In an ever-aging society that as a whole has become more affluent, significant emphasis has been accorded to an improved quality of life. Knee osteoarthritis is ever-increasingly treated with total knee arthroplasty.The benefits and satisfaction experienced by those who have undergone total knee replacements (TKR) are well documented in the literature. The issue arises when osteoarthritis of the affected knee is more complex than simple osteoarthritis, i.e. the patient has complex primary osteoarthritis. This collective term encompasses conditions such as massive bone loss, ligamentous laxity, coronal defects and those with contractures. There are various classifications to describe massive bone loss but we utilized the Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) classification. Numerous treatment options are available and we report the use of metaphyseal sleeves as a highly successful treatment option. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all the patients at our centre who underwent primary TKR using the metaphyseal sleeves. Patients were assessed on symptoms and functional status, and radiographs were also taken to assess for osseointegration. Only patients who completed 2 years of follow up were included in our study. Results: The updated (2011) Knee Society Score (KSS) was used in conjunction with radiological assessments at each follow up. Mean KSS scores improved from 53.83 preoperatively to 193.39 postoperatively. All patients demonstrated increasing osseointegration throughout follow up. Conclusion The metaphyseal sleeve is an excellent treatment option for complex primary osteoarthritic knees with good results objectively, functionally and radiologically and would be a great choice for all orthopaedic surgeons to include in their armamentarium.

Infection risks of handling specimens associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by public health laboratory services teams were assessed to scrutinize the potential hazards arising from the work procedures. Through risk assessments of all work sequences, laboratory equipment, and workplace environments, no aerosol-generating procedures could be identified except the procedures (mixing and transfer steps) inside biological safety cabinets. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as surgical masks, protective gowns, face shields/safety goggles, and disposable gloves, together with pertinent safety training, was provided for laboratory work. Proper disinfection and good hand hygiene practices could minimize the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection at work. All residual risk levels of the potential hazards identified were within the acceptable level. Contamination by gloved hands was considered as a major exposure route for SARS-CoV-2 when compared with eye protection equipment. Competence in proper donning and doffing of PPE accompanied by hand washing techniques was of utmost importance for infection control.

Polo-like kinase (PLK1) has been identified as a potential target for cancer treatment. Although a number of small molecules have been investigated as PLK1 inhibitors, many of which showed limited selectivity. PLK1 harbors a regulatory domain, the Polo box domain (PBD), which has a key regulatory function for kinase activity and substrate recognition. We report on 3-bromomethyl-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (designated: MCC1019) as selective PLK1 inhibitor targeting PLK1 PBD. Cytotoxicity and fluorescence polarization-based screening were applied to a library of 1162 drug-like compounds to identify potential inhibitors of PLK1 PBD. The activity of compound MC1019 against the PLK1 PBD was confirmed using fluorescence polarization and microscale thermophoresis. This compound exerted specificity towards PLK1 over PLK2 and PLK3. MCC1019 showed cytotoxic activity in a panel of different cancer cell lines. Mechanistic investigations in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells revealed that MCC1019 induced cell growth inhibition through inactivation of AKT signaling pathway, it also induced prolonged mitotic arrest-a phenomenon known as mitotic catastrophe, which is followed by immediate cell death apoptosis and necroptosis. MCC1019 significantly inhibited tumor growth in a murine lung cancer model without affecting body weight or vital organ size, and reduced the growth of metastatic lesions in the lung. We propose MCC1019 as promising anti-cancer drug candidate.

Asthma is the most common chronic pulmonary disease worldwide and places a considerable economic burden on society. China is the world's largest developing country and has the largest population. China has undergone dramatic changes in the past few decades. The traditional lifestyle and living environment have changed in ways that directly affect the prevalence of asthma. The prevalence of asthma is lower in Chinese children and adults than in developed countries, but the prevalence has been on the rise during the past 30 years. The prevalence significantly varies among different parts of China. Polymorphisms of multiple genes, outdoor air pollution caused by PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, environmental tobacco smoke, and coal, indoor pollution, and inhaled allergens, such as house dust mites, pollen, and cockroach particles, are risk factors for asthma.
Adult ; Air Pollution ; Allergens ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Asthma* ; Child ; China* ; Coal ; Cockroaches ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Environmental Exposure* ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease* ; Humans ; Life Style ; Lung Diseases ; Pollen ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prevalence ; Pyroglyphidae ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Tobacco

BACKGROUND: Overweight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk factors are prevalent among firefighters in some developed countries. It is unclear whether physical activity and cardiopulmonary fitness reduce cardiovascular disease risk and the cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters. The present study investigated the relationship between leisure-time physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters in Hong Kong. METHODS: Male firefighters (n = 387) were randomly selected from serving firefighters in Hong Kong (n = 5,370) for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, known cardiovascular diseases). One-third (Target Group) were randomly selected for the assessment of off-duty leisure-time physical activity using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Maximal oxygen uptake was assessed, as well as cardiovascular workload using heart rate monitoring for each firefighter for four "normal" 24-hour working shifts and during real-situation simulated scenarios. RESULTS: Overall, 33.9% of the firefighters had at least two cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the Target Group, firefighters who had higher leisure-time physical activity had a lower resting heart rate and a lower average working heart rate, and spent a smaller proportion of time working at a moderateintensity cardiovascular workload. Firefighters who had moderate aerobic fitness and high leisuretime physical activity had a lower peak working heart rate during the mountain rescue scenario compared with firefighters who had low leisure-time physical activities. CONCLUSION: Leisure-time physical activity conferred significant benefits during job tasks of moderate cardiovascular workload in firefighters in Hong Kong.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Developed Countries ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dyslipidemias ; Firefighters* ; Heart Rate ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Leisure Activities* ; Male ; Motor Activity* ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Oxygen ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to assess the outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) as the primary treatment for transplant renal artery stenosis (TxRAS).

MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective review of PTA of TxRAS from April 1999 to December 2008 was performed. Twenty-seven patients (17 males (M):10 females (F)) with the mean age of 49.5 years underwent PTA of TxRAS in the review period. Indications for PTA were suboptimal control of hypertension (n=12), impaired renal function (n=6) and both suboptimal control of hypertension and impaired renal function (n=9). All patients had doppler ultrasound scans prior to their PTA. In addition, 5 of these patients had computed tomography angiography (CTA) and another 7 had magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) evaluation. Mean follow-up period was 57.0 months (range, 7 to 108 months).

RESULTSThe stenotic lesions were located proximal to the anastomosis (n=2), at the anastomosis (n=15), and distal to the anastomosis (n=14). Technical success rate was 96.3%. One case was complicated by extensive dissection during PTA, resulting in subsequent graft failure. The overall clinical success rate was 76.9%. Seven out of 26 patients had restenoses (26.9% of cases). These were detected at a mean of 14.3 months post angioplasty (range, 5 to 38 months). All 7 patients underwent a second PTA successfully. Three of these patients required more than 1 repeat PTA.

CONCLUSIONPTA is safe and effective in the management of symptomatic TxRAS and should be the primary treatment of choice. Close surveillance for restenosis is required and when diagnosed, re-angioplasty can be performed.

Adult ; Angioplasty ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; surgery ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors

INTRODUCTIONObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. Patients at risk of OSA as determined by pre-anaesthesia screening based on the American Society of Anesthesiologists checklist were divided into 2 groups for comparison: (i) those who proceeded to elective surgery under a risk management protocol without undergoing formal polysomnography preoperatively and; (ii) those who underwent polysomnography and any subsequent OSA treatment as required before elective surgery. We hypothesised that it is clinically safe and acceptable for patients identified on screening as OSA at-risk to proceed for elective surgery without delay for polysomnography, with no increase in postoperative complications if managed on a perioperative risk reduction protocol.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective review of patients presenting to the preanaesthesia clinic over an 18-month period and identified to be OSA at-risk on screening checklist was conducted (n = 463). The incidence of postoperative complications for each category of OSA severity (mild-moderate and severe) in the 2 study groups was compared.

RESULTSThere was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cardiac (3.3% vs 2.3%), respiratory (14.3% vs 12.5%), and neurologic complications (0.6% vs 0%) between the screening-only and polysomnography-confirmed OSA groups respectively (P >0.05). There was good agreement of the OSA risk that is identified by screening checklist with OSA severity as determined on formal polysomnography (kappa coefficient = 0.953).

CONCLUSIONPreviously undiagnosed OSA is common in the presurgical population. In our study, there was no significant increase in postoperative complications in patients managed on the OSA risk management protocol. With this protocol, it is clinically safe to proceed with elective surgery without delay for formal polysomnography confirmation.

Adult ; Elective Surgical Procedures ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Perioperative Care ; Polysomnography ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Preoperative Care ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; diagnosis

Asia-Pacific is one of the most densely populated regions of the world and is experiencing rapid economic changes and urbanization. Environmental pollution is a significant problem associated with the rapid modernization of many cities in South Asia. It is not surprising that the prevalences of asthma and allergies are increasing rapidly, although the underlying reasons remain largely unknown. Many studies from this region have documented the changing prevalence of allergic diseases in various parts of the world. However, the methodologies used were neither standardized nor validated, making the results difficult to evaluate. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has provided a global epidemiology map of asthma and allergic diseases, as well as the trend of changes in the prevalence of these diseases. Allergic sensitization is extremely common in many Asian communities. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases remains relatively rare. The rapid urbanization in the region, which increases environmental pollution and can affect the rural environment, will likely increase the prevalence of asthma and allergies in Asia.
Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Asthma ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Prevalence ; Social Change ; Urbanization

INTRODUCTIONEmergency gastrectomy has been shown to be associated with poor morbidity and mortality rates. The aims of this study were to review the outcomes of emergency gastrectomy in our institution and to determine any factors that were associated with worse perioperative outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective review of all patients who underwent emergency gastrectomy for various indications from October 2003 to April 2009 was performed. All the complications were graded according to the classification proposed by Clavien and group.

RESULTSEighty-fi ve patients, median age 70 (range, 27 to 90 years), underwent emergency gastrectomy. The indications for the surgery included perforation, bleeding and obstruction in 45 (52.9%), 32 (37.6%) and 8 (9.4%) patients, respectively. The majority of the patients (n = 46, 54.1%) had an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of 3. Partial or subtotal, and total gastrectomy were performed in 75 (88.2%) and 10 (11.8%) patients, respectively. Malignancy was the underlying pathology in 33 (38.8%) patients. The perioperative mortality rate was 21.2% (n = 18) with another 27 (31.8%) patients having severe complications. Twelve (14.1%) patients had a duodenal stump leak. The independent factors predicting worse perioperative complications included high ASA score and in perforation cases. Other factors such as malignancy, age and extent of surgery were not signifi cantly related. The presence of a duodenal stump leak was the only independent factor predicting mortality.

CONCLUSIONEmergency gastrectomy is associated with dismal morbidity and mortality rates. Patients with high ASA scores and perforations fared worse, and duodenal stump leak increases the risk of mortality.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Emergencies ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; mortality ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Postoperative Complications ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Stomach Diseases ; mortality ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Several modifiable risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have been identified such as sleeping prone or on the side, sleeping on a soft surface, bed-sharing, no prenatal care and maternal ante-natal smoking. A crosssectional survey of infant sleep and care practices was conducted among parents of babies aged below 8 months to determine the prevalence and predictors of non-supine sleep position and the prevalence of other high-risk infant care practices for SIDS. Of 263 infants, 24.7% were placed to sleep in the non-supine position and age of infants was a factor positively associated with this (adjusted odds ratio 1.275, 95% CI=1.085, 1.499). The most common modifiable risk factor was the presence of soft toys or bedding in the infants’ bed or cot (89.4%). Results from this study indicate that although the predominant sleep position of Malaysian infants in this population is supine, the majority of infants were exposed to other care practices which have been shown to be associated with SIDS.