The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays a crucial role in regulating sensory encoding, even at the earliest stages of visual processing, as evidenced by numerous studies. Orientation selectivity, a vital neural response, is essential for detecting objects through edge perception. Here, we demonstrate that somatostatin (SOM)-expressing and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons in the TRN project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and modulate orientation selectivity and the capacity for visual information processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). These findings show that SOM-positive and PV-positive neurons in the TRN are powerful modulators of visual information encoding in V1, revealing a novel role for this thalamic nucleus in influencing visual processing.
Animals ; Somatostatin/metabolism* ; Parvalbumins/metabolism* ; Neurons/physiology* ; Thalamic Nuclei/physiology* ; Visual Pathways/physiology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Visual Perception/physiology* ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; Visual Cortex/physiology* ; Primary Visual Cortex/cytology*

We review our work on computational modeling of the mammalian visual cortex. In particular, we explain the network mechanism of how simple and complex cells arise in a large scale neuronal network model of primary visual cortex. The simple cells are so-called because they respond approximately linearly to visual stimulus, whereas the complex cells exhibit nonlinear response to visual stimulation. Our model reproduces qualitatively the experimentally observed distributions of simple and complex cells.
Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Nerve Net ; physiology ; Neurons ; physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Cortex ; cytology ; physiology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contrast display exposure on neuronal directional and spatial frequency tuning. Neuronal responses were recorded from ninety-four neurons in cortical areas 17 and 18 in two adult cats. METHODS: A multi-channel microelectrode was implanted in cortical areas 17 and 18 of two paralyzed and anaesthetized cats. Various drifting sinusoidal grating contrast displays were presented to one of the cats' eyes in the visual field. Contour plots based on the neuronal responses to the drifting sinusoidal grating displays using various contrasts (i.e., 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0) and velocities (i.e., 4.6, 13.9, 23.1, 32.3, 41.5, 50.8, and 60.0 deg/sec) were plotted as a function of the spatial frequency and the direction associated with each velocity and contrast used. RESULTS: Five parameters were extracted from these contour plots: 1) optimum response, 2) preferred direction, 3) optimum spatial frequency, 4) directional tuning width, and 5) spatial frequency bandwidth. To determine the optimal velocity, each parameter was plotted against each of the specific display contrasts used, and a 'best fit' line was established. Response amplitudes were dependent on the type of contrast utilized; however, the spatial frequency and directional tuning properties were stable for the cortical neurons assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the presentation of different contrasts on neuronal directional and spatial frequency tuning are consistent with behavioral results when medium and high contrast displays are used.
Animals ; Cats ; Contrast Sensitivity/*physiology ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Orientation/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Sen ; Space Perception/physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology

To investigate the intracellular mechanism of activity-dependent synapses formation and redistribution, we studied the electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neurons of the developing visual cortex, and observed the level of synchronism of age and changes in the properties. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings and intracellular biocytin staining were used to record postsynaptic currents (PSCs) from neurons in the visual cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal d 4-28). The histological processing was made. There were three types of PSCs in 156 cells: silent response, monosynaptic response and polysynaptic response, during the first developmental month. Before eyes opened the number of the neurons with the silent response (57.3%) was significantly higher than that after the eyes opened (11.9%) (P<0.001). However, the incidence of polysynaptic PSCs increased from 12.4% before eyes opened to 28.9% after eyes opened (P<0.01). During postnatal week 1, all cells were classified as immature. The immature cells had very high input resistances (R(N)>1.0 G Omega), low amplitude (-0.87 mA) and short decay time (-0.98 ms). During postnatal week 4, all cells were mature with lower input resistance (R(N)<310 M Omega), larger amplitude (-66 mA), and longer decay time (-225 ms). From postnatal weeks 1 to 3, the cells had electrophysiological properties that were intermediate between the immature and mature types of cells. With biocytin intracellular staining, five types of neurons were obtained: pyramidal cells, satellite cells, basket cells, neuroglial cells and immature cells. On the basis of their electrophysiological and morphological characteristics, pyramidal cells were classified into three categories: immature, intermediate, and mature cell types. During postnatal week 1, cells were immature with very high input resistance. Morphologically immature cells had short simple dendritic arborizations which incompletely penetrated the layer where the cell body lies. From postnatal weeks 2 to 4, the cells were mature with low input resistance. They were morphologically more complex with dendritic arborizations which completely penetrated the whole layers of the visual cortex. From postnatal weeks 1 to 2, a third, intermediate cell type had electrophysiological properties that were intermediate between the immature and mature cell types. Three distinctive types of pyramidal cells in visual cortex only co-exist during postnatal weeks 1 to 2. Data show that activity-dependent synapes are formed and integrated into local neuronal networks with visual stimulation. In the critical period of visual development, the level of synchronism of age and changes in electrophysiological and morphological properties in the visual cortex is higher than that in the subcortex.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; physiology ; Neurons ; cytology ; physiology ; Pyramidal Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synapses ; metabolism ; physiology ; Visual Cortex ; cytology ; growth & development ; physiology