PURPOSE: Our objective was to estimate the maximum color contrast sensitivity (MCCS) thresholds in individuals with chiasma opticum damage. METHODS: The pilot study tested 41 people with pituitary adenoma (PA) and 100 age- and gender-matched controls. Patients were divided into two groups according to PA size, PA ≤1 cm or PA >1 cm. A new MCCS test program was used for color discrimination. RESULTS: The mean total error score (TES) of MCCS was 1.8 in the PA ≤1 cm group (standard deviation [SD], 0.38), 3.5 in the PA >1 cm group (SD, 0.96), and 1.4 in the control group (SD, 0.31; p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between tumor size and MCCS result (r = 0.648, p < 0.01). In the group that had PA-producing hormones, the TES was 2.5 (SD, 1.09), compared to 4.2 value in the non-functioning PA group of patients that did not have clinically significant hormone excess (SD, 3.16; p < 0.01). In patients with normal visual acuity (VA) or visual field MCCS, the TES was 3.3 (SD, 1.8), while that in patients with VA <0.00 was 4.6 (SD, 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Results of the MCCS test TES were 1.9 times better in patients with PA ≤1 cm compared to patients with PA >1 cm (p < 0.01). In PA patients with normal VA, the TES was 2.35 times worse than that of healthy persons (p < 0.01).
Adenoma/*complications/diagnosis ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Color Perception/physiology ; Color Perception Tests/*methods ; Contrast Sensitivity/*physiology ; *Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Optic Chiasm ; Pilot Projects ; Pituitary Neoplasms/*complications/diagnosis ; Time Factors ; Vision Disorders/*diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology ; Visual Fields ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of postoperative refractive outcomes of combined phacovitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM) in comparison to cataract surgery alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine eyes that underwent combined phacovitrectomy with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for cataract and ERM (combined surgery group) and 39 eyes that received phacoemulsification for cataract (control group) were analyzed, retrospectively. The predicted preoperative refractive aim was compared with the results of postoperative refraction. RESULTS: In the combined surgery group, refractive prediction error by A-scan and IOLMaster were -0.305+/-0.717 diopters (D) and -0.356+/-0.639 D, respectively, compared to 0.215+/-0.541 and 0.077+/-0.529 in the control group, showing significantly more myopic change compared to the control group (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Within each group, there was no statistically significant difference in refractive prediction error between A-scan and IOLMaster (all p>0.05). IOL power calculation using adjusted A-scan measurement of axial length based on the macular thickness of the normal contralateral eye still resulted in significant postoperative refractive error (all p<0.05). Postoperative refraction calculated with adjusted axial length based on actual postoperative central foveal thickness change showed the closest value to the actual postoperative achieved refraction (p=0.599). CONCLUSION: Combined phacovitrectomy for ERM resulted in significantly more myopic shift of postoperative refraction, compared to the cataract surgery alone, for both A-scan and IOLMaster. To improve the accuracy of IOL power estimation in eyes with cataract and ERM, sequential surgery for ERM and cataract may need to be considered.
Aged ; Biometry/methods ; Case-Control Studies ; Cataract Extraction ; Epiretinal Membrane/*surgery ; Eye ; Female ; Humans ; *Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; *Lenses, Intraocular ; Male ; Optics and Photonics ; Phacoemulsification/*methods ; Postoperative Period ; Refraction, Ocular/physiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Vision Tests ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy/*methods

INTRODUCTIONThis study describes the pathologic changes in the retina of a group of young Asian subjects with myopia worse than -10 diopters spherical equivalent (SE) refraction.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study population consists of 20 male subjects undergoing preemployment screening for public service for a 1-year period from 2009 to 2010. A detailed series of visual tests of function, fundus examination and grading, ocular biometry and posterior segment optical coherence tomography were performed for all eyes.

RESULTSA total of 21 eyes with mean SE of -10.88 diopters, [standard deviation (SD) , 1.28 diopters], and mean age of 21.8 years (SD, 1.3 years) were included. Out of 21 eyes, 17 (81.0%) had beta peripapillary atrophy, 10 (47.6%) had clinically detectable optic disc tilt, 1 (4.8%) had positive T-sign and 18 (85.7%) had retinal tessellation, 4 (19.0%) had posterior vitreous detachment and 14 (66.7%) had peripheral retina degeneration. The mean retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness was 92.48 mm (SD, 9.99 mm).

CONCLUSIONNone of the 21 highly myopic eyes had features of myopic retinopathy but most of these young males had clinically visible myopia-associated abnormalities of the optic disc, vitreous and peripheral retina. Generally, these eyes had thinner RNFL. Further longitudinal studies are required to investigate if these eyes will eventually develop complications of pathological myopia.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age of Onset ; Choroid Diseases ; diagnosis ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia ; classification ; pathology ; Nerve Fibers ; pathology ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Optic Atrophy ; diagnosis ; Optic Disk ; pathology ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; diagnosis ; Posterior Eye Segment ; pathology ; Retina ; pathology ; Retinal Degeneration ; diagnosis ; Retinal Diseases ; diagnosis ; Retinal Vessels ; pathology ; Singapore ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; methods ; Vision Tests ; Visual Acuity ; Vitreous Detachment ; diagnosis ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation of the distance Krimsky test and the alternate prism cover test (APCT) for the distance deviation in patients with horizontal strabismus. METHODS: Forty patients with horizontal strabismus (20 esotropia and 20 exotropia) were included in this study. Patients with a variable angle of deviation, vertical angle over 5 prism diopters, impaired binocular vision, or poor cooperation were excluded. We instructed the patient to look a target 6 meters away, and applied a prism over the patient's dominant eye while flashing a light source 33 centimeters from the middle of both eyebrows. When the corneal light reflexes were located on the center of each cornea, we measured the angle of deviation. We defined this method as 'distance Krimsky test,' and the angle measured by this method was compared with the conventional Krimsky test and APCT at distance. We analyzed the accuracy and intra- and inter-observer reliability. RESULTS: The angle of strabismus measured by the distance Krimsky test showed a significant agreement and correlation with the deviation angle measured by the APCT. We elicited the correlation gradient between the angle measured by the distance Krimsky test and the APCT. In addition, the distance Krimsky test showed significant intra- and inter-observer reliabilities. CONCLUSIONS: The distance Krimsky test is expected to be more useful than the Krimsky test in measuring the distance angle of deviation for patients with strabismus in whom it is difficult to measure the angle of deviation using the APCT. The distance Krimsky test can be an accurate and useful test through the improvement of proficiency of examiners and the establishment of individualized normative data.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Esotropia/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Exotropia/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Observer Variation ; Social Distance ; Strabismus/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Vision Tests/*methods/standards/statistics & numerical data ; Vision, Binocular ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of a computerized visual acuity test, the SNU visual acuity test for children. METHODS: Fifty-six children, ranging from 1 to 5 years of age, were included. In a dark room, children gazed at and followed a circular dot with 50% contrast moving at a fixed velocity of 10 pixels/sec on a computer monitor. Eye movement was captured using a charge coupled device camera and was expressed as coordinates on a graph. Movements of the eye and dot were superimposed on a graph and analyzed. Minimum visualized dot diameters were compared to the Teller visual acuity. RESULTS: Ten eyes (8.9%) of six children failed to perform the Teller visual acuity test, and two eyes (1.8%) of one patient failed to perform the SNU visual acuity test. The observed Teller visual acuity and SNU visual acuity were significantly correlated (p < 0.001). Visual angle degrees converted from the Teller visual acuity and SNU visual acuity were also significantly correlated (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The SNU visual acuity using moving targets correlated well with Teller visual acuity and was more applicable than the Teller acuity test. Therefore, the SNU visual acuity test has potential clinical applications for children.
Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Vision Disorders/*diagnosis ; Vision Tests/*methods ; *Visual Acuity

This paper presents a vision-based method for the width of NC membrane online inspection. In the production of bio-test strip, the number of antigen or antibody which is coated on the membrane depends on the width and the uniformity of test line T and control line C. People should control the width and the uniformity strictly to ensure the accuracy of lines in order to achieve quantitative inspection with high sensitivity. And online inspection must be done, it cannot be processed when the solution has been dry up. This paper gives a design of online inspection system based on linear charge-coupled device (linear CCD), it makes such advantages in terms of speed, accuracy, and the operation to achieve real-time, online inspection.
Biosensing Techniques ; instrumentation ; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gold Colloid ; chemistry ; Humans ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; instrumentation ; Online Systems ; Photometry ; instrumentation ; Reagent Strips ; Vision Tests ; instrumentation ; methods ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To evaluate a customized, portable Farnsworth-Munsell 100 (FM 100) hue viewing booth for compliance with colour vision testing standards and to compare it with room illumination in subjects with normal colour vision (trichromats), subjects with acquired colour vision defects (secondary to diabetes mellitus), and subjects with congenital colour vision defects (dichromats). METHODS: Discrete wavelengths of the tube in the customized booth were measured using a spectrometer using the normal incident method and were compared with the spectral distribution of sunlight. Forty-eight subjects were recruited for the study and were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, Normal Trichromats (30 eyes); Group 2, Congenital Colour Vision Defects (16 eyes); and Group 3, Diabetes Mellitus (20 eyes). The FM 100 hue test performance was compared using two illumination conditions, booth illumination and room illumination. RESULTS: Total error scores of the classical method in Group 2 as mean+/-SD for room and booth illumination was 243.05+/-85.96 and 149.85+/-54.50 respectively (p=0.0001). Group 2 demonstrated lesser correlation (r=0.50, 0.55), lesser reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.625, 0.662) and greater variability (Bland & Altman value, 10.5) in total error scores for the classical method and the moment of inertia method between the two illumination conditions when compared to the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The customized booth demonstrated illumination meeting CIE standards. The total error scores were overestimated by the classical and moment of inertia methods in all groups for room illumination compared with booth illumination, however overestimation was more significant in the diabetes group.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Color Perception Tests/*instrumentation/*methods/standards ; Color Vision Defects/congenital/*diagnosis/etiology ; Diabetes Complications ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; *Lighting ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To establish an acuity inspection system with sweep pattern visual evoked potential (SPVEP) so as to provide the evidence for acuity objective inspection. METHODS: Based on the domestic sweep pattern visual evoked apparatus, sections of hardware were reformed and a manipulation program possessing false random control software was compiled. The SPVEP acuity for the 78 eyes (10 normal eyes, 10 ametropia eyes, 48 prevalence eyes, 10 false ametropia eyes) was estimated with our acuity objective inspection system, then compared with the E visual acuity of those eyes by statistical procedure. RESULTS: There was a close correlation between the SPVEP acuity and E visual acuity for 78 eyes (r2 = 0.946). CONCLUSION SPVEP acuity inspection system can be applied to estimate objective acuity.
Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology* ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Humans ; Vision Tests/methods* ; Visual Acuity/physiology*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of sweep pattern visual evoked response (SPVER) acuity in different temporal frequency. METHODS: The persons were collected and divided into the low visual acuity group (71 eyes) and the high visual acuity group (92 eyes). The eyes were stimulated with different temporal frequency (8.5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively) and the same series of spatial frequency. The accuracy of SPVER acuity in different temporal frequency was evaluated by compare the SPVER acuity with the subjective vision. RESULTS: In the low visual acuity group, there was a good correlation between the SPVER acuity and the subjective vision applying the spatial frequency of the group. In the high visual acuity group, the SPVER acuity was lower than the subjective vision. SPVER acuity showed a good correlation with the subjective vision at the temporal frequency of 10 Hz in two groups. CONCLUSION The temporal frequency can influence SPVER accuracy, so it is necessary to select the suitable stimulation condition in forensic practice.
Adult ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology* ; Female ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Humans ; Male ; Photic Stimulation/methods* ; Time Factors ; Vision Disorders/physiopathology* ; Vision Tests/methods* ; Visual Acuity/physiology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the model and the feasibility of newborn hearing and ocular disease simultaneous screening program and to study the birth prevalence of newborn hearing loss and newborn ocular diseases.

METHODSThe universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) was performed using transient otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) in well baby nursery and by a two-stage TEOAE and auto auditory brainstem response (AABR) protocol in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The UNHS was simultaneous done with newborn ocular disease screening program. The examination technical method was following: the response to light, external inspection of the eyes and lids, pupil examination, red reflex examination, funduscope examination after pupil dilation for referral (for all newborn in NICU). The infants who were referred by two-stage hearing screening and/or had high-risk factors of hearing loss received following-up and routine audiological evaluation and personalized intervention from 6 months to 3 years of age. The cases had positive sign and (or) abnormal results of the ocular disease screening were referred for further examination by pediatric ophthalmologists.

RESULTSA total of 16 800 children born in Jinan Maternal and Child Hospital from October 1, 2002 to April 30, 2005. Of these infants, 15 398 cases (91.7%) had access to the simultaneous screening program for hearing and ocular diseases. The incidence of congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) among infants who did UNHS was 0.312% (48/15 398) in bilateral and 0.227% (35/15 398) in unilateral; Of the 4 cases of congenital SNHL complicated with newborn ocular diseases: 1 profound SNHL (bilateral), auditory neuropathy with congenital cataract (bilateral), 1 mild SNHL (bilateral) with membrana papillaris perseverance (left) and 1 mild SNHL (bilateral) with retina vein dilatation (bilateral), 1 mild SNHL (right) with persistent hyaloid artery (bilateral). In all 15 398 newborns, 15 neonates with congenital cataract were detected (22 eyes, 0.10%). Twenty seven neonates with less than 1500 g birth weight admitted to NICU, retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 3 neonates (6 eyes).

CONCLUSIONHearing loss and ocular diseases was not rare in neonatal and infancy. Newborn hearing and ocular disease simultaneous screening program was not only feasible but also effective in detecting hearing loss and (or) ocular disorders. Early intervention was important for the prevention or treatment of neonatal hearing loss and (or) ocular diseases, such as newborn hearing loss with congenital cataract, retinopathy of prematurity and so on.

Eye Diseases ; congenital ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Hearing Loss ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Neonatal Screening ; methods ; Vision Tests