Purpose: Asthma is characterized by chronic type 2/eosinophilic inflammation in the airway mucosa. This study aimed to explore the clinical value of 2 cutoffs of blood eosinophil counts (≥ 300/μL and ≥ 150/μL) in eosinophilic asthma, with relation to eosinophilderived neurotoxin (EDN), a surrogate marker of eosinophilic activity. Methods: To compare clinical features and eosinophil-related mediators according to 2 cutoffs of peripheral blood eosinophil counts (≥ 300/μL and ≥ 150/μL), 137 adult asthmatics who had maintained antiasthmatic medications, including inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta 2 agonist, without biologics, were enrolled. EDN levels in serum, urine and sputum were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results: Patients with asthma and higher blood eosinophil counts ( ≥ 300/μL) had a higher prevalence of severe asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, partly controlled/uncontrolled status, and higher levels of sputum eosinophils and EDN in serum/sputum than those with lower blood eosinophil counts (< 300/μL). When compared between patients with asthma having higher blood eosinophils ( ≥ 150/μL) and those with lower eosinophils ( < 150/μL), there were no differences in symptom severity, control status or lung function parameters. Conclusion These findings suggest that blood eosinophil count ≥ 300/μL may identify asthma patients at higher risk for severity and heightened eosinophil activity, supporting its utility as a biomarker in a real clinical setting.

Background/Aims: We examined the association between diabetes duration and hyperuricemia in Korean subjects based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 4,575 subjects aged 30 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on data from the KNHANES from 2016 to 2021. Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum uric acid level ≥ 7.0 mg/dL. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The mean age of subjects was 61.0 years, 56.5% were male, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.6 kg/m2. Compared to those with diabetes duration 5 to < 10 years, those with shorter or longer diabetes duration had higher serum uric acid levels and higher prevalence of hyperuricemia. In multivariable logistic regression models, a U-shaped association between diabetes duration and hyperuricemia was observed after adjusting for age, sex, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or chronic kidney disease. Compared to those with new-onset diabetes mellitus, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for hyperuricemia was 0.55 (0.38–0.82) in those with diabetes duration 5 to < 10 years. The results were consistent in subgroup analysis according to age, sex, BMI, and chronic kidney disease. Conclusions The U-shaped association between diabetes duration and hyperuricemia was observed in a representative sample of Korean adults.

Purpose: This study evaluated long-term trends in gastric cancer epidemiology and survival with a focus on conditional relative survival (CRS). Materials and Methods: Using the Korea Central Cancer Registry, we analyzed 665,184 patients who were newly diagnosed with gastric cancer between 1999 and 2022.The study period was divided into four intervals: Period I (1999–2005), Period II (2006–2011), Period III (2012–2017), and Period IV (2018–2022). Temporal trends in the incidence and mortality were assessed using crude and age-standardized rates. Relative survival was estimated using the Ederer II method, and the 5-year CRS was calculated according to the survival duration after diagnosis. Results: The incidence of gastric cancer increased until 2011 and subsequently declined, with a marked decrease observed in 2020. Individuals aged ≥70 years consistently had the highest incidence rates. Mortality rates showed a sustained decline throughout the study period. The overall 5-year relative survival improved from 69.8% in Period II to 78.4% in Period IV. The 5-year CRS increased from 86.1% at 1 year after diagnosis to 96.3% at 5 years.Patients with localized stage maintained a 5-year CRS above 95% at 1 year after diagnosis, whereas those with regional and distant stages showed 5-year CRS that consistently remained below 95%. Conclusions The incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer in Korea have declined over the past two decades, accompanied by improved survival outcomes. The CRS analysis suggests that long-term follow-up is warranted, with the optimal duration varying according to patient characteristics.

Background: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is known to play important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. We aimed to evaluate effects of FXR agonist on metabolic disorders in db/db mice. Seven week-old db/db mice were injected FXR agonist GW4064 (30 mg/kg/day) or carrier solution (dimethyl sulfoxide) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. Body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels were measured weekly. Glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed at the end of study. Hepatic genes involed in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Endoplasmic reticulum stress markers were analyzed by western blot. Results: GW4064 treatment significantly attenuated weight gain, and improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in db/db mice. In addition, GW4064 treatment significantly repressed hepatic steatosis. GW4064 treatment significantly lowered hepatic gene expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, glucose 6-phosphatase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c. GW4064 treatment significantly lowered the protein levels of ATF6, CHOP, Caspase3, and Cleaved Caspase3 in liver. FXR agonist GW4064 showed beneficial effects on weight gain, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic ER stress. Conclusions These findings suggest that FXR agonists are promising therapeutic agents for treatment of various metabolic disorders.

Subglottic stenosis (SGS) and tracheal stenosis (TS) are rare conditions that can cause significant breathing difficulties and, if not properly managed, may lead to life-threatening complications. Despite their clinical importance, debate continues regarding the optimal management of adult SGS and TS, and no comprehensive guidelines have been established to date. The Korean Bronchoesophagological Society appointed a task force to develop clinical practice guidelines with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations for managing SGS and TS in adults. The task force conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using predefined search terms aligned with key clinical questions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, which also informed the formulation and reporting of the recommendations. The strength of each recommendation reflects the guideline panel’s confidence that the benefits of an intervention outweigh its risks for eligible patients. After drafting the guidelines, feedback was obtained through Delphi questionnaires completed by members of the Korean Bronchoesophagological Society. Ultimately, the committee developed 17 evidence-based recommendations across four categories: initial evaluation, medical management, surgical treatment, and postoperative management and rehabilitation. These guidelines aim to support clinicians in delivering optimal care to adult patients with SGS and TS.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate co-occurrence and clinical characteristics of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women hospitalized for acute pyelonephritis (APN). Methods: This single-center retrospective study reviewed medical records of inpatients with APN from January 2019 to February 2023 and identified records of 142 patients who were referred to a gynecologist to evaluate gynecological diseases including STIs. Results: Of the 142 patients, 47 were tested positive for sexually transmitted pathogens in nucleic acid amplification testing, confirming the presence of STIs. In patients with APN, those with STIs were more likely to have lower abdominal pain or cervical motion tenderness (CMT) on pelvic examination and leukocytosis (> 14.5 × 109/L) than those without STIs. Of the 93 patients who underwent pelvic examination, 34 had CMT with one or more of additional criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PID, such as abnormal vaginal discharge and leukorrhea confirmed by microscopic examination, which could be clinically diagnosed as PID. Conclusions In sexually active women with APN, it is important to evaluate the possibility of STIs and PID, considering several risk factors such as lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, CMT, and leukocytosis.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate co-occurrence and clinical characteristics of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women hospitalized for acute pyelonephritis (APN). Methods: This single-center retrospective study reviewed medical records of inpatients with APN from January 2019 to February 2023 and identified records of 142 patients who were referred to a gynecologist to evaluate gynecological diseases including STIs. Results: Of the 142 patients, 47 were tested positive for sexually transmitted pathogens in nucleic acid amplification testing, confirming the presence of STIs. In patients with APN, those with STIs were more likely to have lower abdominal pain or cervical motion tenderness (CMT) on pelvic examination and leukocytosis (> 14.5 × 109/L) than those without STIs. Of the 93 patients who underwent pelvic examination, 34 had CMT with one or more of additional criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PID, such as abnormal vaginal discharge and leukorrhea confirmed by microscopic examination, which could be clinically diagnosed as PID. Conclusions In sexually active women with APN, it is important to evaluate the possibility of STIs and PID, considering several risk factors such as lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, CMT, and leukocytosis.

New cases of syphilis are clearly showing an increasing trend worldwide. However, in a sentinel surveillance system, the collection of information on disease outbreaks is limited, making it difficult to understand the overall outbreak situation and perform detailed analyses of patients' demographic characteristics and disease stages. In accordance with the revision of the Infectious Disease Prevention Act, syphilis was converted from a grade 4 infectious disease subject to sentinel surveillance to a grade 3 infectious disease subject to mandatory surveillance from January 1, 2024, with all medical institutions required to report syphilis diagnosis within 24 hours.

This paper discusses a rare case of a 49-year-old female diagnosed with a central nervous systemisolated neoplasm with histiocytic features, classified as histiocytic neoplasm, not otherwise specified (NOS). Despite comprehensive histopathological and genetic studies, accurately diagnosing the case proved challenging. Initial surgical findings and frozen biopsy suggested a low-grade glioma; however, subsequent immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis excluded known histiocytic subtypes such as ALK-positive histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease. The patient’s condition improved following occupational rehabilitation therapy for right upper motor weakness, as well as anticonvulsant and radiation therapy, and her neurological condition remains stable. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of Histiocytic Neoplasms and the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration and sophisticated diagnostic techniques.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term oral OM-89 therapy on the urinary microflora in patients with urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: Patients underwent surgical removal of urinary stones followed by no OM-89 treatment for six months or daily OM-89 administration. Urine culture and urinary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed at the baseline visit (V1) and at 2 months (V2) and 6 months (V3) after the operation. Results: A total of 113 patients completed the study. The rate of urinary bacteria detection by urine culture at V3 did not differ between OM-89 treated and untreated groups (p>0.999); however, the PCR detection rate tended to be higher in OM-89 untreated group than in OM-89 treated group (p=0.052). Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were the bacteria most commonly detected via both urine culture and PCR at all timepoints. Risk factors for the detection of bacteria by urine culture at V3 were positive culture at V1 (p=0.048) and female sex (p=0.048), whereas positive PCR at V3 was associated with female sex (p=0.023), positive PCR at V2 (p<0.001), and no OM-89 treatment (p=0.038). The use of OM-89 was associated with decreased rates of bacterial detection by PCR at V2 and a further decrease at V3. Conclusions Long-term immunization with OM-89 could further decrease the frequency of urinary bacterial colonization after surgical removal of urinary stones. OM-89 could be used as a complementary therapy if a retrieved stone is suspected to be related to infection.