The fundiform ligament and penile suspensory ligament (PSL) are essential for maintaining prepubic curvature and stabilizing erections. PSL dissection is a key step in penile lengthening surgery for micropenis; however, the precise origin and insertion of the fundiform ligament, as well as the insertion of the PSL, remain subjects to debate. In this study, 34 embalmed male cadavers without pathology or prior pelvic or perineal surgery were dissected layer by layer from the lower abdominal wall to the penile base. The fundiform and PSL were identified, and their origin, insertion, morphology, length, and vascular associations were documented. Four distinct shapes of the fundiform ligament were identified: double, triangular, Y-shaped, and irregular type, with the double type being most common. The majority originated from the linea alba, while some arose from Scarpa’s fascia or both, inserting distally into the superficial penile fascia. The external pudendal artery was observed near its insertion in 56% of cases. The PSL consistently exhibited a triangular configuration, with an average depth of 27.4±5.7 mm along the pubic symphysis. The angle between the pubic margin and penile shaft margin measured 58.6°±9.7°. The deep dorsal vein of the penis was identified at the deep margin of the PSL in 53% of specimens.These findings provide detailed anatomical insights into the penile suspensory apparatus, highlighting structural variations, origins, and relationships with adjacent vascular structures. Further surgical validation is required to establish their clinical implications in penile lengthening procedures.

Knowledge of the superficial radial nerve (SRN) relationship and anatomic variations of the first extensor compartment (1st EC) will contribute to a better outcome of de Quervain tenosynovitis treatment. We dissected 87 embalmed cadaveric wrists to determine the relationship of the SRN, the 1st EC length, distance from the proximal and distal 1st EC borders to radial styloid process (RSP), abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendon slip numbers, and the presence of septum. Our results revealed SRN crossing over the 1st EC in 59.5%. The lateral branch of the superficial radial nerve to the 1st EC midline in most cases (61.9%) except for one specimen, where lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve was the closest. Distances from proximal and distal 1st EC borders to the RSP were 19.7±4.1 mm and 7.6±1.8 mm, respectively. Extensor retinaculum (ER) width over 1st EC (1st EC length) was 14.8±3.2 mm. Complete and incomplete septa were found in 17.2%, and 42.5%, respectively. The most frequent APL tendon slip number in the compartment was two in overall 47 specimens (54.0%). Almost all compartments (85 specimens; 97.7%) contained one EPB tendon slip. We detected bilateral EPB absence in one cadaver. Moreover, we recorded a tendon slip from extensor pollicis longus traveling into 1st EC bilaterally in one cadaver and observed the EPB muscle belly extension into 1st EC in 9 wrists. Awareness of 1st EC anatomic variations would be essential for successful surgical and nonsurgical outcomes.

Anatomical knowledge of the occipital condyle (OC) and its relationships to surrounding structures is important for avoiding injury during craniovertebral junction (CVJ) surgeries. This study was conducted to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of OC and its relationship to foramen magnum, jugular foramen (JF), and hypoglossal canal (HC).Morphometric parameters including length, width, height, and distances from the OC to surrounding structures were measured. The oval-like condyle was the most common OC shape, representing for 33.0% of all samples. The mean length, width and height of OC were 21.3±2.4, 10.5±1.4, and 7.4±1.1 mm, respectively. Moreover, OC was classified into three types based on its length. The most common OC length in both sexes was moderate length or type II (62.5%). The mean distance between anterior tips and posterior tips of OC to basion, and opisthion were 11.5±1.4, 39.1±3.3, 25.2±2.2, and 27.4±2.7 mm, respectively. The location of intracranial orifice of HC was commonly found related to middle 1/3 of OC in 45.0%.JF was related to the anterior 2/3 of OC in 81.0%, the anterior 1/3 of OC in 12.5%, and the entire OC length in 6.5%. These morphological analysis and morphometric data should be taken into consideration before performing surgical operation to avoid CVJ instability and neurovascular structure injury.

The infraorbital nerve block is used for mid-facial anesthesia. We aim to determine the location of infraorbital foramen (IOF) and accessory infraorbital foramen (AIOF) with reference to anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the lowest point of zygomaticomaxillary junction (Z) and assess the accuracy of the predictive method. Two hundred and sixteen dry skulls were examined. A reference line was drawn from ANS to Z (line A) and its length was measured (distance A). The location of IOF was predicted by using the mean vertical distance from IOF to line A (line B) which was 15.14±1.99 mm and the mean ratio of the distance between ANS and the intersecting point of line B and line A (distance D) to distance A (D:A) which was 63.35%±3.90%. Eighty-six AIOFs were found. Most of them located superomedial to IOF, except for 3 AIOFs which located in the inferolateral position. For localization the AIOF, the mean vertical distance was 19.34±3.36 mm and the mean ratio was 51.8%±5.90%. No statistically significant difference of the predicted distances for both foramens was found between sex and sides. The accuracy of the predictive method was assessed in 15 embalmed cadavers. Predicted IOFs were 50% accurate and the mean distance error of the predicted IOF was 1.10±1.44 mm lateral and 0.59±1.39 mm inferior to the exact IOF. Therefore, this study provides an alternative method for localization of IOF and AIOF which could be useful in clinical settings.