The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of Isodon terricolous-medicated serum on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced hepatic stellate cell(HSC) activation. LPS-induced HSCs were divided into a blank control group, an LPS model group, a colchicine-medicated serum group, an LPS + blank serum group, an I. terricolous-medicated serum group, a Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) blocker group, and a TLR4 blocker + I. terricolous-medicated serum group. HSC proliferation was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to measure type Ⅰ collagen(COL Ⅰ), COL Ⅲ, transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1(caspase-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1). Real-time PCR(RT-PCR) was used to detect mRNA expression of TLR4, IκBα, and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3), nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65, gasdermin D(GSDMD), and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC) in HSCs. Western blot(WB) was used to detect the protein levels of TLR4, p-IκBα, NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, and GSDMD in HSCs. The results showed that I. terricolous-medicated serum could inhibit the proliferation activity of HSCs and inhibit the secretion of COL Ⅰ, COL Ⅲ, α-SMA, TGF-β1, caspase-1, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 in HSCs. Compared with the LPS model group, the I. terricolous-medicated serum group, the colchicine-medicated serum group, and the TLR4 blocker group showed down-regulated expression of p-IκBα, NLRP3, NF-κB p65, GSDMD, and ASC, and up-regulated expression of IκBα. Compared with the TLR4 blocker group, the TLR4 blocker + I. terricolous-medicated serum group showed decreased expression of TLR4, p-IκBα, NLRP3, NF-κB p65, GSDMD, and ASC, and increased expression of IκBα. In conclusion, I. terricolous-medicated serum down-regulates HSC activation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Hepatic Stellate Cells ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism* ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism* ; Isodon ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism* ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism* ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Signal Transduction ; Colchicine/pharmacology* ; Caspases

The present study observed the regulatory effect of total flavonoids of Ziziphora clinopodioides on autophagy and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) signaling pathways in ApoE~(-/-) mice and explored the mechanism of total flavonoids of Z. clinopodioides against atherosclerosis(AS). ApoE~(-/-) mice were fed on a high-fat diet for eight weeks to induce an AS model. The model mice were randomly divided into a model group, a positive control group, and low-, medium-and high-dose groups of total flavonoids of Z. clinopodioides, while C57BL/6J mice fed on a common diet were assigned to the blank group. The serum and aorta samples were collected after intragastric administration for 12 weeks, and the serum levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The serum expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2), and matrix metalloprotei-nase-9(MMP-9) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Oil red O staining was used to observe the aortic plaque area in mice. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the aortic plaque and pathological changes in mice. The expression of P62 and LC3 in the aorta was detected by the immunofluorescence method. The protein expression of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Beclin-1, P62, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR in the aorta of mice was detected by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the blank group, the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the model group were significantly increased(P<0.01 or P<0.05), the content of HDL-C was decreased(P<0.05), intra-aortic plaque area was enlarged(P<0.01), the expression of LC3 in the aorta was significantly down-regulated, P62 expression was up-regulated(P<0.01 or P<0.05), the expressions of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and Beclin-1 in the aortic lysate were significantly down-regulated, and the expressions of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR and P62 were significantly increased(P<0.01). The medium-and high-dose groups of total flavonoids of Z. clinopodioides could reduce the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in AS model mice(P<0.01 or P<0.05), and increase the content of HDL-C(P<0.01 or P<0.05). The aortic plaque area of mice after middle and high doses of total flavonoids of Z. clinopodioides was significantly reduced(P<0.01), the content of foam cells decrease, and the narrowing of the lumen decreased. The total flavonoids of Z. clinopodioides significantly increased the expression of LC3 in the aorta and the expression of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and Beclin-1 in the lysate, and decreased the expression of P62 in the aorta and the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR and P62 in the lysate(P<0.01 or P<0.05). The results showed that the total flavonoids of Z. clinopodioides could improve the content of blood lipids and inflammatory factors, and reduce the generation of foam cells and plaques in aortic tissue, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
Animals ; Mice ; Apolipoproteins E ; Atherosclerosis/genetics* ; Beclin-1 ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics* ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism* ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics* ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics*

The study aims to observe the effects and explore the mechanisms of Buyang Huanwu Decoction and Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix combination in the treatment of the inflammatory response of mice with atherosclerosis(AS) via the Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88(MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) signaling pathway. Male ApoE~(-/-) mice were randomly assigned into a model group, a Buyang Huanwu Decoction group, an Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix combination group, and an atorvastatin group, and male C57BL/6J mice of the same weeks old were used as the control group. Other groups except the control group were given high-fat diets for 12 weeks to establish the AS model, and drugs were administrated by gavage. Aortic intimal hyperplasia thickness, blood lipid level, plasma inflammatory cytokine levels, M1/M2 macrophage markers, and expression levels of proteins in TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in the vessel wall were measured to evaluate the effects of drugs on AS lesions and inflammatory responses. The results showed that the AS model was successfully established with the ApoE~(-/-) mice fed with high-fat diets. Compared with the control group, the model group showed elevated plasma total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c) levels(P<0.05), thickened intima(P<0.01), and increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) levels(P<0.01). Moreover, the model group showed increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)(P<0.01), inhibited expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) and cluster of differentiation 206(CD206)(P<0.01), and up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB inhibitor alpha(IκBα), and NF-κB in the vessel wall(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, Buyang Huanwu Decoction and Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix combination lowered the plasma TC and LDL-c levels(P<0.01), alleviated the intimal hyperplasia(P<0.01), and reduced the plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels(P<0.05). Moreover, the two interventions promoted the expression of eNOS and CD206(P<0.05), inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 and iNOS(P<0.01), and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, IκBα, and NF-κB(P<0.05) in the vessel wall. This study indicated that Buyang Huanwu Decoction and Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix combination could delay the progression of AS, inhibit the polarization of vascular wall macrophages toward M1 type, and attenuate vascular inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the vascular wall. Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix were the main pharmacological substances in Buyang Huanwu Decoction for alleviating the AS vascular inflammatory response.
Mice ; Male ; Animals ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism* ; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism* ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism* ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Hyperplasia ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Atherosclerosis/genetics* ; Apolipoproteins E/therapeutic use* ; RNA, Messenger

Objective To analyze the differences in biological functions between bone marrow(BM)-derived CD106 mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)and the CD106 subgroup. Methods The MSCs from normal BM were isolated and expanded.The subgroups of CD106 and CD106 MSCs were sorted.The cell proliferation and adhesion functions,chemotactic activities,adipogenic and osteogenic potentials,senescence,and senescence protein 21(p21)were detected.The capacity of translocation into nucleus of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)when stimulated by tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)was measured. Results The proliferative ability was higher in CD106 MSCs than that in CD106 MSCs.In 48 hours,the value of optical density(OD)was significantly higher in CD106 MSCs than that in CD106 subgroup(1.004±0.028 0.659±0.023,=3.946,=0.0225).In 72 hours,this phenomenon was even more pronounced(2.574±0.089 1.590±0.074,=11.240,=0.0000).The adhesive capacity of CD106 MSCs was significantly stronger than that of CD106 subgroup(0.648±0.018 0.418±0.023,=7.869,=0.0002).Besides,the metastasis ability of CD106 MSCs were significantly stronger than that of CD106 subgroup(114.500±4.481 71.000±4.435,=6.900,=0.0005).The CD106 MSCs had signifcnatly lower proportions of senescent cells.The expression of aging protein p21 in CD106 MSCs was significantly lower than that in CD106 MSCs [(17.560±1.421)% (45.800±2.569)%,=9.618,=0.0000].Furthermore,there were no visible pigmenting cells after β-galactosidase staining in CD106 MSCs subgroup.However,in CD106 MSCs,some colored green cells were detected.The rate of NF-κB translocation into nucleus after stimulated by TNF-α was significantly higher in CD106 MSCs than CD106 MSCs [(37.780±3.268)% (7.30±1.25)%,=8.713,=0.0001]. Conclusion Bone marrow-derived CD106 MSCs possess more powerful biological functions than CD106 MSCs.
Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; cytology ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: Growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) is a vitamin K-dependent protein and involved in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration . Also it has been shown to play an important role in the inflammatory response .The aim of present study was to investigate the role of Gas6 in the process of the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide(P.g-LPS). METHODS: After up-regulation and down-regulation of the expression of Gas6, the vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with 1 mg/L P.g-LPS for 3 h and 24 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) was taken to detect the expression of the cell adhesion molecules:intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin, as well as chemokines:interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Wound healing assay was taken to observe the migration ability of endothelium cells in different groups. RESULTS: After 3 h of P.g-LPS stimulation, the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine in the down-regulation group was not significantly different from that in the control group,while in the up-regulation group the decrease of E-selectin, ICAM-1, IL-8 and MCP-1 was 81%±0%, 47%±3%, 76% ± 3%, 26% ± 6% respectively. After 24 h of P.g-LPS stimulation, the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine in down-regulation group was significantly higher than that in control group (2.06±0.07, 1.99±0.11, 3.14±0.15, 1.84±0.03 flod), while these molecules in the down-regulation group was significantly lower than in the control group (29%±1%, 62%±3%, 69%±1%, 41%±2%). Differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Wounding healing assay showed that down-regulation of Gas6 enhanced migration ability of endothelial cells while up-regulation of Gas6 weakened this ability,which was consistent with the trend of real-time PCR result. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of the Gas6 gene enhanced the expression of ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8 and MCP-1 in HUVECs after P.g- LPS stimulating, while up-regulaiton of the Gas6 gene weakened the expression of ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8 and MCP-1 in HUVECs after P.g-LPS stimulating,suggesting that Gas6 may play a role in the process of endothelial cell adhesion.
Cell Adhesion ; Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokines/metabolism* ; E-Selectin/metabolism* ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology* ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/metabolism* ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism* ; Vitamin K

BACKGROUND: Endothelial adhesion molecule expression induced by pro-inflammatory cytokine plays an important role in vascular endothelial cell injury, leading to vascular disease. Allium tuberosum (AT), which is used as a functional food, has a thrombolytic effect. It contains vitamin A, vitamin C, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, and phosphorus. There are many carotenes that turn into vitamin A in the body. Also, it helps blood circulation and stimulates metabolism. The purpose of the this study was to estimate the anti-inflammatory effects of the AT extract. METHODS: Human vascular endothelial cells were pre-treated with 100 μg/mL AT extract for 30 minutes and subsequently co-treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) and AT extract (100 μg/mL) for 1, 4, and 6 hours. After treatment, the cells were lysed and used for quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blot analysis, and monocyte adhesion assay. RESULTS: We examined the effect of the AT extract on inflammatory gene expression in TNF-α-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The extract reduced the expression levels of mRNA and protein of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. It also inhibited the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and degradation of IκBα. Furthermore, the AT extract prevented the increased adhesion capacity of monocyte to TNF-α-stimulated vascular endothelial cells by reducing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: The AT extract has preventive and anti-inflammatory effect against vascular disease and has potential for supporting prevention against the early process of atherosclerosis.
Allium* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood Circulation ; Blotting, Western ; Calcium ; Carotenoids ; Chive* ; Endothelial Cells* ; Functional Food ; Gene Expression ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Humans* ; Inflammation* ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Iron ; Metabolism ; Monocytes ; Necrosis* ; NF-kappa B ; Phosphorus ; Phosphorylation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Vascular Diseases ; Vitamin A

OBJECTIVEThis study observed attenuating effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an effective ingredient of aqueous extract of Carthamus tinctorius L, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelium inflammatory injury.

METHODSEahy926 human endothelium cell (EC) line was used; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was assayed to observe the viability of EC; Luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to measure nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit nuclear binding activity in EC; Western blot technology was used to monitor mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and NF-κB activation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was applied to observe intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin mRNA level; EC surface ICAM-1 expression was measured with flow cytometry and leukocyte adhesion to EC was assayed with Rose Bengal spectrophotometry technology.

RESULTSHSYA protected EC viability against LPS-induced injury (P <0.05). LPS-induced NF-κB p65 subunit DNA binding (P <0.01) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α (IκBα) phosphorylation was inhibited by HSYA. HSYA attenuated LPS triggered ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA levels elevation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK. HSYA also inhibited LPS-induced cell surface ICAM-1 protein expression P <0.01) and leukocyte adhesion to EC (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONHSYA is effective to protect LPS-induced high expression of endothelium adhesive molecule and inflammatory signal transduction.

Cell Adhesion ; drug effects ; Cell Nucleus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Chalcone ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; E-Selectin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular ; drug effects ; pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins ; metabolism ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Leukocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; Lipopolysaccharides ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; drug effects ; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha ; Phosphorylation ; drug effects ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Protein Binding ; drug effects ; Quinones ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway on the endothelial differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC).

METHODSHuman PDLSC was cultured in the medium with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) to induce endothelial differentiation. Endothelial inducing cells was incubated with U0126, a specific p-ERK1/2 inhibitor. PDLSC from one person were randomly divided into four groups: control group, endothelial induced group, endothelial induced+DMSO group and endothelial induced+U0126 group. The protein expression of the p-EKR1/2 was analyzed by Western blotting at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours during endonthelial induction. The mRNA expressions of CD31, VE-cadherin, and VEGF were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after a 7-day induction. The proportion of CD31(+) to VE-cadherin(+) cells was identified by flow cytometry, and the ability of capillary-like tubes formation was detected by Matrigel assay after a 14-day induction. The measurement data were statistically analyzed.

RESULTSPhosphorylated ERK1/2 protein level in PDLSC was increased to 1.24±0.12 and 1.03±0.24 at 1 h and 3 h respectively, during the endothelial induction (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of CD31 and VEGF in induced+U0126 group were decreased to 0.09±0.18 and 0.49±0.17, which were both significantly different with those in induced group (P<0.05). The proportion of CD31(+) to VE-cadherin(+) cells of induced+U0126 group were decreased to 5.22±0.85 and 3.56±0.87, which were both significantly different with those in induced group (P<0.05). In Matrigel assay, the branching points, tube number and tube length were decreased to 7.0±2.7, 33.5±6.4, and (15 951.0±758.1) pixels, which were all significantly different with those in induced group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe endothelial differentiation of PDLSC is positively regulated by ERK signaling pathway. Inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation could suppress endothelial differentiation of PDLSC.

Antigens, CD ; genetics ; metabolism ; Butadienes ; pharmacology ; Cadherins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; physiology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Nitriles ; pharmacology ; Periodontal Ligament ; cytology ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Time Factors ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo observe the expression of Ginkgo biloba Tablet (GbT) on scavenger receptor A (SRA) of the aortic wall and changes of serum inflammatory factors in atherosclerotic rats, and to explore its new mechanism for fighting against atherosclerosis (AS).

METHODSTotally 45 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, the GbT group, 15 rats in each group. Levels of blood glucose, blood lipids, blood calcium, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (slCAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured in all rats. The expression of SRA in the aortic wall of atherosclerotic rats was observed by immunohistochemical assay. The correlation between the expression of SRA and levels of in-flammatory factors was also observed.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, blood glucose and blood calcium obviously increased (P < 0.05); levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C were significantly elevated (P < 0.01); neointimal areas were significantly thickened, increased intima percentage was significantly enlarged, narrowed lumen index was significantly reduced; levels of CRP, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were significantly elevated in the model group (all P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, blood glucose and blood calcium obviously decreased (P < 0.05); levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the GbT group. Aortic lumens were obviously narrower in the model group than in the GbT group (P < 0.05). SRA expressed at the aortic wall. The aforesaid 3 indices were significantly improved in the GbT group than in the model group (P < 0.01). Serum levels of CRP, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were significantly decreased in the GbT group than in the model group (P < 0.01). Serum levels of CRP, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were positively correlated with the percentage of SRA positive expression area (r = 0.701, 0.604, 0.581, all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSSerum levels of inflammatory factors in atherosclerotic rats were elevated, and the expression of SRA in the aortic wall was enhanced. The expression of SRA was closely correlated with serum levels of inflammatory factors. GbT could decrease serum levels of inflammatory factors and inhibit the expression of SRA.

Animals ; Aorta ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; C-Reactive Protein ; analysis ; Calcium ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; blood ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Scavenger Receptors, Class A ; metabolism ; Tablets ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; blood

Cell Hypoxia ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes ; metabolism ; Prospective Studies ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; metabolism