Therapeutic cancer vaccines have experienced a resurgence over the past ten years. Cancer vaccines are typically designed to enhance specific stages of the cancer-immunity cycle, primarily by activating the immune system to promote tumor regression and overcome immune resistance. In this review, we summarize the significant recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy based on the cancer-immunity cycle, including the effector cell function, infiltration, initiation, and exhaustion. We summarize the identification of tumor antigens and their delivery through cancer vaccines. We discuss how specific stages of the cancer-immunity cycle have been leveraged to augment anti-tumor immune responses and improve vaccine efficacy. Additionally, the impact of aging and myelosuppression, two prevalent forms of immunological stress, on the effectiveness of therapeutic cancer vaccines is deliberated. Finally, we summarize the current status of various therapeutic cancer vaccines at different clinical trial phases.
Humans ; Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology* ; Animals

There have been recent, significant changes in strategies and policies for elimination of cervical cancer and advances in research of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related diseases and their prevention and control. Based on the latest national and international research, and building on a consensus published in 2019, we developed an expert consensus on immunoprophylaxis of cervical cancer and other human papillomavirus-related diseases (2025 edition) in order to provide clinicians, disease prevention and control professionals, and vaccination staff a reference for the prevention and control of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases and systematic, comprehensive evidence-based support for the scientific use of HPV vaccines to optimize their prevention effectiveness.
Humans ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology* ; Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Female ; Consensus ; Papillomaviridae/immunology* ; Vaccination ; Human Papillomavirus Viruses

Tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment prospects for various malignant tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) , as representative of tumor immunotherapy, have achieved tremendous success in clinical practice and have become the first-line clinical treatment options for certain tumors. This article summarizes the progress and challenges of immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapy in tumor treatment, and discusses the future direction of tumor therapeutic vaccines development. Identifying novel therapeutic targets within the realm of tumor immunology, engineering innovative drug delivery systems, and employing combinatorial therapeutic strategies are poised to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes in oncology, thereby extending benefits to a broader patient population.
Humans ; Neoplasms/immunology* ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods* ; Animals ; Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use*

Immunomodulatory cancer therapy is witnessing the rise of viral immunotherapy. The oncolytic influenza A virus, although promising in preclinical investigations, remains to be implemented in clinical practice. Recent progress in genetic engineering, coupled with experiential insights, offers opportunities to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the influenza A virus. This review explores the use of the influenza virus, its attenuated forms, and associated vaccines in cancer immunotherapy, highlighting their respective advantages and challenges. We further elucidate methods for engineering influenza viruses and innovative approaches to augment them with cytokines or immune checkpoint inhibitors, aiming to maximize their clinical impact. Our goal is to provide insights essential for refining influenza A virus-based viral tumor immunotherapies.
Humans ; Neoplasms/immunology* ; Immunotherapy/trends* ; Influenza A virus/immunology* ; Oncolytic Virotherapy/trends* ; Animals ; Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Oncolytic Viruses ; Genetic Engineering ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use*

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy often hindered by significant side effects, lack of specificity, and limited efficacy in advanced cases. Among emerging therapeutic strategies, mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable potential due to their adaptability, rapid production, and capability for personalized cancer treatment. This review provides an in-depth analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines as a therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy, focusing on their molecular biology, classification, mechanisms, and clinical studies. Derived from reported literature and data on clinicaltrials.gov, it examines studies on mRNA vaccines encoding tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), immunomodulators, and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) across various cancer types. The review highlights the ability of mRNA vaccines to encode TSAs and TAAs, enabling personalized cancer treatments, and classifies these vaccines into non-replicating and self-amplifying types. It further explores their mechanisms of action, including antigen presentation and immune activation, while emphasizing findings from clinical studies that demonstrate the potential of mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy. Despite their promise, challenges remain in enhancing delivery systems, improving immunogenicity, and addressing tumor heterogeneity. Overcoming these obstacles will require further investigation to fully harness the potential of mRNA vaccines in personalized cancer treatment.
Humans ; Cancer Vaccines/immunology* ; Neoplasms/immunology* ; mRNA Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics* ; RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively understand the COVID-19 vaccination and infection status among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with SSc who were hospitalized in the Rheumatology and Immunology Department of Peking University People' s Hospital from January 2016 to March 2023. We collected detailed clinical cha-racteristics, vaccination status, and infection details through a systematic review of medical records and telephone follow-ups with the SSc patients. RESULTS: Out of 236 identified patients, 99 SSc patients participated in the follow-up. This cohort included 41 patients with limited SSc, 28 with diffuse SSc, and 30 with SSc overlap syndromes. Treatments varied, with glucocorticoids administered to 57.58% of patients, immunosuppressants to 56.57%, biologic agents to 7.07%, and small molecule targeted therapies to 6.06%. Notably, 49 patients had received the COVID-19 vaccine. Between November 2022 and March 2023, a total of 81 patients contracted COVID-19. The infection rate among those who received three doses or more (19/29, 65.5%) was significantly lower compared with unvaccinated patients (45/50, 90.0%, P=0.007). Fourteen of these patients required hospitalization due to COVID-19. Furthermore, 26 patients reported exacerbation of SSc symptoms post-infection, which included severe manifestations, such as Raynaud phenomenon, skin lesions, fingertip ulcers, pulmonary hypertension, and interstitial lung disease. Compared with healthy cohabitants, the SSc patients exhibited more severe symptoms following COVID-19, including fever (36.71%) and fatigue (35.44%). Multivariate regression analysis identified subcutaneous calcinosis (OR=7.713, 95%CI: 1.142-45.051) and positivity for anti-centromere antibodies (OR=9.210, 95%CI: 1.211-70.028) as independent risk factors for hospitalization due to COVID-19. CONCLUSION Vaccination is both effective and safe in preventing COVID-19 among SSc patients. Additionally, it underscores that these patients experience exacerbation of their underlying disease and more severe COVID-19 symptoms compared with individuals without underlying conditions. Thus, proactive prevention, continuous monitoring, and early treatment of COVID-19 are of significant importance for the health and well-being of SSc patients. Timely interventions can help mitigate the impact of infections and improve overall patient outcomes.
Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Scleroderma, Systemic/complications* ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage* ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use* ; Cohort Studies

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, with its prevalence expanding due to increased global travel. The dengue virus, the causative agent of dengue fever, often co-circulates in the form of four distinct serotypes. Cross-reactive antibodies generated during a primary infection pose a significant risk during secondary infections with different serotypes, and fully protective vaccines and antiviral drugs are yet to be developed. Over the past decade, advances in antibody technology have led to the isolation of numerous monoclonal antibodies against dengue virus, with their neutralizing epitopes elucidated through structure-based analyses. This review highlights the key epitopes associated with neutralizing antibodies against dengue virus and discusses their potential applications in vaccine design and therapeutic antibody development. This review helps systematically summarize the progress in dengue virus neutralizing antibody research, providing a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of novel vaccines and antibody therapeutics.
Dengue Virus/immunology* ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology* ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Dengue/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; Epitopes/immunology* ; Animals ; Dengue Vaccines/immunology*

Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Whooping Cough/prevention & control* ; Vaccination ; Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control* ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care

Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; SARS-CoV-2 ; China ; Antibodies, Viral

Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; China/epidemiology* ; Attitude ; Vaccination