Background: Chest radiography is a fundamental imaging modality used to diagnose acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. It is relatively inexpensive, rapid, and can be performed at the bedside. Pulmonary abnormalities identified on chest radiographs are generally classified into two main categories: diffuse and focal. Depending on lesion size and image quality, abnormalities can be detected with an estimated accuracy of 70–85%. However, radiologists may overlook findings due to several factors, including heavy workloads, emergency conditions, and the presence of small focal lesions measuring less than 1 cm. Previous studies evaluating the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to chest radiographs for detecting lung cancer, COVID-19, and pneumonia have reported that the sensitivity of diagnostic interpretations improves from 88% to 95% when radiologists and AI work together. Aim: To evaluate selected thoracic abnormalities on chest radiographs using artificial intelligence and compare the results with radiologists’ interpretations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiology at the Mongolia–Japan Hospital of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. A total of 845 chest radiographs obtained between September 10 and September 30, 2022, were reviewed. After applying the exclusion criteria, 721 chest radiographs were included. The interpretations provided by four radiologists were compared with the results generated by an AI system. Results: A total of 721 posteroanterior chest radiographs were included in the study, comprising 377 images from male patients and 344 from female patients. By age group, the images included 24 from patients aged 10–19 years, 114 from those aged 20–29 years, 150 from those aged 30–39 years, 147 from those aged 40–49 years, 97 from those aged 50–59 years, 96 from those aged 60–69 years, 58 from those aged 70–79 years, and 37 from those aged 80–89 years. Radiologists identified abnormalities in 331 (46%) radiographs and reported no abnormalities in 390 (54%). In comparison, the AI system classified 392 (54%) radiographs as abnormal and 329 (46%) as normal. Using the radiologists’ interpretations as the reference standard, the AI system demonstrated a specificity of 95.8% and a sensitivity of 89% for detecting abnormalities on chest radiographs. Conclusion The AI system demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in detecting abnormalities on chest radiographs, suggesting its potential utility in clinical practice. Its application may be particularly beneficial in supporting the interpretation of chest radiographs used for preventive screening and early detection of pulmonary abnormalities.

Background: Currently, the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has led to reduced therapeutic efficacy in severe infections such as osteomyelitis. Furthermore, broad spectrum synthetic antibiotics disrupt microbiome balance and weaken the host immune system. Therefore, given the need to investigate natural biologically active supplements that inhibit pathogens without adversely affecting the viability of beneficial microorganisms supported by experimental and clinical studies this study was grounded in determining the effects of the Osteo Calcium-5 supplement on pathogenic and beneficial bacteria Aim: To investigate the in vitro effects of the biologically active supplement Osteo Calcium-5 on pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. Objectives: To determine the antibacterial activity of the biologically active supplement Osteo Calcium-5 by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the diameter of the inhibition zone. To compare the effects of the Osteo Calcium-5 supplement on the growth of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria, and to evaluate the levels of selective activity and resistance. Materials and Methods: The study was performed using a quantitative research approach with an experimental research design, utilizing two standard pathogenic bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 700699 along with two standard beneficial bacterial strains, Lactobacillus paracasei and Streptococcus thermophilus. The Osteo Calcium-5 supplement was extracted using a solution of 70% ethanol and 0.1% HCl. To determine its antibacterial efficacy, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed in triplicate across a concentration range of 0.78% to 12.5% using the broth microdilution method, and evaluated via the agar well diffusion method based on the inhibition zone diameter. Results: It was established that the extract of the biologically active supplement Osteo Calcium-5 exerts selective effects on the growth of pathogenic versus beneficial bacteria. Specifically, for the pathogenic MRSA strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.78% and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 1.56%, whereas for the S.aureus strain, both MIC and MBC values were 1.56%, demonstrating high antibacterial activity with complete inhibition of colony growth at this concentration. In contrast, L.paracasei and S.thermophilus strains grew normally at low concentrations of the supplement, with MIC values ranging from 6.25% to 12.5%, proving to be several fold more resistant than the pathogenic strains. Furthermore, the agar diffusion method showed active inhibition of S.aureus (16.50±0.29mm) and MRSA (15.00-0.58mm) bacterial growth through the formation of inhibition zones, while exhibiting no adverse effects on the growth of the beneficial bacterial strains L.paracasei and S.thermophilus. Conclusions The MIC of the Osteo Calcium-5 supplement was determined to be 0.78% for MRSA and 1.56% for S.aureus, with the MBC for both strains established at 1.56%. Through the agar well method, the supplement actively inhibited the growth of S.aureus (16.50±0.29mm) and MRSA (15.00±0.58mm) by forming inhibition zones, effectively suppressing osteomyelitis inducing pathogens at low concentrations via mechanisms including bacterial cell wall and membrane disruption and virulence neutralization. For the beneficial bacterial strains L.paracasei and S.thermophilus, the MIC values of the supplement extract ranged from 6.25% to 12.5%, allowing normal growth at low concentrations without forming inhibition zones. This indicates a significantly higher resistance to the supplement compared to pathogens, proving its unique capability to selectively inhibit infections without disrupting the balance of the human normal microbiome.

Background: A comparative study of classical medical texts within Traditional Medicine provides a vital framework for uncovering the origins, development, transmission, and historical significance of healing traditions. This approach highlights a specific culture’s contribution to medical knowledge and reflects the intricate interplay of religion, culture, and philosophical thought embedded in those eras. Aim: To conduct a comparative analysis of the depictions of the “Medicinal Mandala” as described in the first chapter of the “Root Tantra” section in the two classical medical sources Sorig Bumshi and Gyudshi. Materials and Methods: This research examines two foundational Tibetan medical texts—Sorig Bumshi and Gyudshi—using theme-based classification and content analysis methodologies grounded in textual source criticism. Results: The findings confirm that Sorig Bumshi, a Bönpo medical text from the ancient Zhangzhung civilization, was composed earlier. The great translator Byaruzana translated it from the Zhangzhung language, after which Yuthok Yönten Gönpo and collaborators edited, revised, and systematized the text to form Gyudshi, embedding it in Buddhist epistemological frameworks. Conclusions 1. The medicinal mandala of Gyudshi—structured around a central "beautiful medicinal city" surrounded by four directional mountains—demonstrates a refined adaptation of the more expansive, sacred mandala depicted in Sorig Bumshi, which is centered on Olmo Lung Ring, a Bönpo pure land rich in symbolic geography. 2. The numerical values recorded in both texts—particularly the recurring use of 360 and 404—suggest different paradigms in medical theory. Sorig Bumshi embeds these numbers within a Bön cosmological and ritual context (e.g., 360 deities, mountains, and healing lakes), while Gyudshi reinterprets them under Buddhist causal reasoning (e.g., 404 diseases derived from wind, bile, phlegm, and karma). This transformation reflects a shift from Bön to Buddhist medical epistemology through selective integration and doctrinal refinement.

Background: Even though there are lots of good treatment methods, medicines and biomaterials in use for broken bones due to international scientific researches on the ossifying process and its mechanism, which are being studied on high level and bringing new solutions, there is still a lack of inexpensive but good quality medicines that have low side effects and specifically targets on the enhancement of osteoblasts.
Despite of the level of fractures, therapeutic effects and multiple bone fractures, only certain drugs and medicines such as solution of baragshun and rhodiola, kitchen grime, chili-san and calcium are used for ossifying broken bones and fractures in Mongolia which indicates that there are certain needs of new medicine and drugs. Methods: Patients who had a intramedullary osteosynthesis surgery to deal with tibia bone fractures were divided randomly into two groups; 1.5 gram Osteo calcium-5 is given to the experimental group while the comparison group got Calcium nycomed D3 for 60 days.
X-ray pictures were taken at the 56th and the 84th day after the fractures were diagnosed and analyzed by Warden method (et al 2009). TGF-β1, BMP-2 cytokines and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated on the 3rd, the 14th and the 42nd day of the study. Results: Compared to the comparison group, which used Calcium Nycomed D3, the experimental group patient, who used osteocalcium-5, had a similar TGF-β1 level at the 3rd day (p=1.0), a higher level at the 14th day (p=0.0001) and a lower level at the 42nd day (p=0.015).Analyzing fracture ossifying process with the Warden et al method shows that the ossifying points of the Osteo calcium-5 group were 1.73 on 53rd day and 2.79 on 84th day while the ossifying points of the comparison group was 1.41 on 56th day and 2.35 on 84th day (p=0.034),( p=0.04). Conclusions According to the study, Osteo calcium-5 has proven to have better effects on decreasing inflammation process and accelerating bone ossify, cartilage and bone formation with the analysis of cytokine in serum and structure.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, the population of noncommunicable sickness is growing rapidly changing lifestyle is one example of this is the widening of accidents-related bone fractures.The National Center for Trauma Treatment of inpatient hospital from a total fractures 10260 or 30.8%, of which 6777 or 66.05% of the marrow bone fractures as well as drugs used in refractive rarely occupied. PURPOSE: To consider a result of the use of Osteocalcium 5 medical preparation for patients who were diagnosed diaphyseal fracture of the tibia and treated by Intramedullar Osteosyntesis (internal fixation)OBJECTIVES:1. To establish process of fractured bone remodeling to original bone contour by TGF-b1 cytokine dynamics in serum2. To establish process of fractured bone remodeling to original bone contour by alkaline phosphatase dynamics in serumMATERIALS AND METHODS: Within the framework of the survey 28 patients of the “Bone, joint and limb section” Section of the National Institute of Traumatology, aged between 25-60 years, were involved in the present survey. Survey participants were classified in 2 groups according to “Krischner wire” position and their Xray’s images. An accordance to the methodology of James Balch and Mark Stengller (2011) daily dosage of the Osteocalcium 5 preparation for test and comparing patients was determined as following introduced: for test group-twice a day before meal 1.5 grams, for comparing group–Calcium D3Nycomed preparation three times a day during 60 days. Transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGFb1) and Alkaline phosphatase was equal of 3, 14, 42 fraction days.RESULT: The present diagram shows that according to the curve TGF-b1 the bone excrescence performance of the Osteocalcium 5 preparation (0.0001) is statically increasing at 14 days and after 42 days it is statically decreasing and the calculated discrepancy (p<0.015) reveals and proofs the impact of its bone excrescence. Alkaline phosphatase in serum 14 days after the fracture Osteocalcium 5 pills used in chapter Nycomed Calcium D3 drank chapters (116,06±35U/L) compared to a statistical difference (p<0.044).CONCLUSION: Preparations Ostyeokalitsi 5 osteoblast chondrocyte cell activity and enable them synthesized by the cells in the TGF-B1 osteoblast line Alkaline phosphatase synthesized in increased serum concentrations of the bone heal affect signaling molecules involved are determined that quickens recovery.

In recent years medicine faces growing number of bone fractures caused by accident injuries and osteoporosis, which became a big problem. Today in medicine praxis Calcium supplements is widely used, however Lai B, Cervell MJ’s research shows that using calcium during long time conversely bad for stomach. We chose for our research work Calcite known in traditional medicine as bone nutrition contains up to 67% of calcium, attract our attention. Otherwise, elixir subdued calcite also has a treatment action for gastric ulcer and protects stomach. Therefore we made a fracture in a Kriscner wire using Bannarens Einhorn method and at the early stage of fracture healing (2nd and 4th week) started observing the effect of elixir subdued calcite using radiography analyses. At the result, our research showed that callus of the group of rats used elixir subdued calcite are statisticalsignificance more fast than the group which used calcium supplement. However compared to the group used standard rat chow ad libitum, the group which used calcite, curing effect statistically accelerated in 28 days, while in 14 days there were no statistical significant of difference. Finally, result shows that compared to other groups elixir subdued calcite is accelerating the curing effect, but for supervising later or posterior bone healing process there is a requirement of using additional analysis methods.