OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of coated metal stent implantation for ureteroscopic lithotripsy related refractory ureteral stricture (URL-rUS). METHODS: Electronic medical records of 30 patients (31 affected renal units) receiving coated metal stent implantation for URL-rUS from Sept. 2018 to Aug. 2021 at Peking University People' s Hospital were reviewed for analysis. Coated metal stents were implanted in retrograde approach via ureteroscope. Last outpatient follow-up was set as endpoint. Baseline information, stricture characteristics and decompression strategy before coated metal stent implantation were retrospectively collected. Serum creatinine (Scr) concentration and renal pelvis width (RPW) were used as renal function indicators. Peri-operative and long-term complications and according outcomes were recorded. For the patients who had double J tubes implanted for drainage before operation, Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) was applied to evaluate the stent-related discomforts and quality of life (QoL) before and after surgery. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS (version 25.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: Totally 30 patients with 31 affected renal units were included. All the patients previously underwent unsuccessful traditional endoscopic balloon dilation or endoureterotomy before receiving coated metal stent implantation. The mean age was (45.5±9.3) years old. The median follow-up time were 14 (6-36) months. All coated metal stents were successfully placed with a median duration of 60 (30-195) min. No severe peri-operative complications occurred. At endpoint, 28 (90.3%) sides of coated metal stents remained unobstructed with a longest indwelling time of 36 months. Causes of failures included stent migration (1 case, 3.2%), encrustation (1 case, 3.2%) and repeated stent related urinary tract infection (1 case, 3.2%). When compared with the baseline, significant reductions were observed in both Scr concentration and RPW at endpoint [(90.7±19.5) mmol/L vs. (83.1±18.5) μmol/L, P < 0.01, for Scr; (2.5±1.3) cm vs. (1.9±0.8) cm, P < 0.01, for RPW], indicating good preservation of renal function and remission of hydronephrosis. For 26 patients with double J stents before operation, significant reduction of USSQ average score (100.4±6.6 vs. 82.1±4.9, P < 0.01) evidenced better life quality preserving ability of coated metal stent versus double J stent. CONCLUSION Coated metal stent implantation is a safe and minimally invasive management of ureteral stricture providing a satisfying long-term patency rate, after which the patients' quality of life and renal function could be both improved. This method could serve as a promising alternative long-term maintenance treatment option for patients with URL-US, especially when traditional endoscopic interventions failed.
Adult ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Lithotripsy ; Metals ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents/adverse effects* ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery* ; Ureteroscopy

OBJECTIVE: To study the trend of surgical type, surgical procedure and etiological distribution of upper urinary tract repair in recent 10 years. METHODS: The preoperative and perioperative variables and follow-up data of upper urinary tract reconstruction surgery in RECUTTER (Reconstruction of Urinary Tract: Technology, Epidemiology and Result) database from 2010 to 2021 were searched, collected and analyzed. The surgical type, surgical procedure, duration of hospitalization, time of operation, incidence of short-term complications, and proportion of the patients undergoing reoperations were compared between the two groups of 2010-2017 period and 2018-2021 period. RESULTS: A total of 1 072 patients were included in the RECUTTER database. Congenital factors and iatrogenic injuries were the main causes of upper urinary tract repair. Among them, 129 (12.0%) patients had open operation, 403 (37.6%) patients had laparoscopic surgery, 322 (30.0%) patients had robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery and 218 (20.3%) patients had endourological procedure. In the last decade, the total number of surgeries showed a noticeable increasing annual trend and the proportion of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in 2018-2021 was significantly higher than that in 2010-2017 (P < 0.001). The 1 072 patients included 124 (11.6%) cases of ileal ureter replacements, 440 (41.1%) cases of pyeloplasty, 229 (21.4%) cases of balloon dilation, 109 (10.2%) cases of ureteral reimplantation, 49 (4.6%) cases of boari flap-Psoas hitch surgery, 60 (5.6%) cases of uretero-ureteral anastomosis, 61 (5.7%) cases of lingual mucosal onlay graft ureteroplasty or appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty. Pyeloplasty and balloon dilatation had been the main types of surgery, while the proportion of lingual mucosal onlay graft ureteroplasty plus appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty had increased significantly in recent years (P < 0.05). In addition, the time of operation was significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 2018, which was considered to be related to the sharp increase in the proportion of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. We found that minimally invasive surgery (endourological procedure and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery) as an independent risk factor (P=0.050, OR=0.472) could reduce the incidence of short-term post-operative complications. CONCLUSION We have justified the value of the RECUTTER database, created by the Institute of Urology, Peking University in data support for clinical research work, and provided valuable experience for the construction of other multi-center databases at home and abroad. In recent 10 years, we have observed that, in upper urinary tract reconstruction surgery, the surgery type tends to be minimally invasive and the surgery procedure tends to be complicated, suggesting the superiority of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery.
Humans ; Laparoscopy/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureter/surgery* ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery* ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic pyeloplasty combined with ultrasonic lithotripsy via nephroscope in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) with renal calculi. METHODS: From June 2016 to January 2022, eight patients including five males and three females underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty combined with ultrasonic lithotripsy via 19.5F(1F≈0.33 mm) nephroscope in Peking University People' s Hospital. The age ranged from 23-51 years (mean: 40.5 years) and the body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.8-32.4 kg/m² (mean 27.0 kg/m²). The lesion located on the left side in all of the eight patients. Two patients had solitary kidney and one patient had horseshoe kidney. Solitary stone was seen in one patient and the other seven patients suffered multiple stones, with two patients had staghorn stones. The largest diameter of stones ranged from 0.6-2.5 cm (mean: 1.5 cm). CT or ultrasound showed that moderate nephrosis was seen in five patients and severe nephrosis was seen in three patients. During surgery, after exposure of renal pelvis and proximal ureter, a small incision of 1.5 cm was performed in the anterior wall of the renal pelvis, and a 19.5F nephroscope was introduced into renal pelvis through laparoscopic trocar and renal pelvis incision. Stones were fragmented and sucked out by 3.3 mm ultrasonic probe placed through nephroscope. After stones were removed, modified laparoscopic pyeloplasty was performed. RESULTS: Surgery was successfully completed in all of the eight patients without conversion to open surgery. The operation time ranged from 160-254 min (mean 213 min) and the time of nephroscopic management time was 25-40 min (mean: 33 min). The hemoglobin was decreased by 3-21 g/L (mean: 10.3 g/L). The stone-free rate was 75% (6/8 cases), stones were incompletely removed in two patients due to abnormal intrarenal structure. The modified Clavien classification system (MCCS) grade ⅢA complication occurred in one patient postoperatively, which was nephrosis due to intrarenal bleeding, and nephrostomy was performed. With the mean follow-up of 30 months (ranged from 2-68 months), there was no evidence of obstruction in all the patients, and one patient underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy to treat residual calculi. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic pyeloplasty combined with ultrasonic lithotripsy via 19.5F nephroscope is feasible and safe, and could be a complementary method to treat UPJO and renal calculi.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery* ; Kidney Pelvis ; Laparoscopy/methods* ; Lithotripsy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrosis/surgery* ; Ureter ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery* ; Young Adult

Ureteral stenosis is a comparatively rare complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The etiology is still unclear and most believe that this may be due to the reactivation of BK virus in a state of immunodeficiency. In the later stages of ureteral stenosis with scarring, invasive interventions must be taken to relieve the hydronephrosis. Common treatments, such as D-J stent placement and permanent nephrostomy may not only entail the risk of infection, but also seriously affect the quality of life. Few cases of surgical intervention have been reported. In this article, a 25-year-old female was admitted to Peking University First Hospital suffering from recurrent flank pain. Seven years before, she developed hemorrhagic cystitis and bilateral urethritis 40 days after allogeneic HSCT. After continuous bladder irrigation and antiviral therapy, the left-sided hydronephrosis gradually alleviated while the right-sided one did not improve. D-J stents were used for urine drainage for 7 years before percuta-neous nephrostomy. Preoperative antegrade pyelography revealed significant hydronephrosis in the right kidney with long stricture of proximal-middle ureter. After comprehensive decision, she underwent ileal ureter replacement. The operation was successful. The segmental lesion was dissected and the scar tissue was removed. A 25 cm intestinal tube was isolated to connect the pelvis and bladder. An anti-reflux nipple was created at the distal end of ileal ureter to prevent the potential infection. The blood loss was minimal. After surgery, the drainage tube was removed in 2 weeks, the nephrostomy tube and the D-J stent was removed in 3 months. Follow-up mainly included clinical assessment, serologic testing, renal ultrasonography, blood gas analysis and radiological examination. During the follow-up of 6 years, she was symptom-free and no postoperative complications occurred. The serum creatinine level was stable. No hydronephrosis was observed under ultrasonography. Obvious peristaltic waves and ureteral jets of the ileal ureter was confirmed on cine magnetic resonance urography. To sum up, ureteral stenosis after HSCT is relatively rare. Obstruction caused by scarring is usually irreversible and surgical intervention should be designed according to the location and length of the lesion. Ileal ureter replacement can be a safe, feasible and effective method to solve this kind of complex stricture.
Adult ; Cicatrix ; Constriction, Pathologic/etiology* ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis/surgery* ; Quality of Life ; Ureter/surgery* ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the initial clinical experience and follow-up results of the treatment for ureteroileal anastomotic stricture after radical cystectomy with Allium coated metal ureteral stent. METHODS: From September 2018 to September 2019, 8 patients with ureteroileal anastomotic stricture after radical cystectomy underwent Allium ureteral stent insertion in Peking University People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Daxing District. The preoperative renal pelvis width under ultrasound was collected to evaluate the postoperative hydronephrosis, creatinine and urea nitrogen (BUN) before and after surgery, perioperative infection, and stent-related complications. The serum creatinine and BUN, renal pelvis width under ultrasound, urography and abdominal plain film (KUB) were reviewed at the end of 1, 3, and 6 months and annually postoperatively to observe the stent position and morphology. The long-term stent patency rate, complication rate, renal function and hydronephrosis were followed up and analyzed. The t-test or rank-sum test was used to compare the measurement data of the matched sample from the preoperative to the last follow-up. RESULTS: In the study, 6 cases (7 sides) were ureteral ileal conduit stricture, and 2 cases (3 sides) ureteral orthotopic neobladder stricture. Before surgery, 5 patients underwent long-term indwelling of a single J ureteral stent, with an average indwelling time of (20.6±8.8) months and an average replacement frequency of (3.6±1.3) months/time. The mean width of renal pelvis was (26.5±9.1) mm on preoperative renal ultrasonography. Among them, 6 patients were successfully indwelled with Allium coated metal ureteral stent by retrograde approach, and 2 patients by combination of double-endoscopy and ante-retrograde approach. No surgery-related complications during perioperative period were observed. The mean follow-up period was 9.8 months and Allium stent and ureter remained unobstructed in all the patients at the last follow-up without replacement or removal. Compared with preoperative data, the mean width of renal pelvis and mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the last follow-up period were significantly reduced [(26.5±9.1) mm vs. (13.4±2.5) mm, P=0.008; (11.6±2.3) mmol/L vs. (10.2±2.2) mmol/L, P=0.017], however, there were no significant differences in the average serum creatinine or hemoglobin (P>0.05). Ureteroileal anastomotic re-stricture and other stent-related complications were not observed in all the patients by antegrade urography. CONCLUSION Allium coated metal ureteral stent could be used for the treatment for ureteroileal anastomotic stricture, which could maintain relatively long-term patency rate and protect renal function. The indwelling time was longer and it could improve quality of life of patients.
Allium ; Anastomosis, Surgical ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Cystectomy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Metals ; Quality of Life ; Stents ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureter ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery* ; Urinary Diversion

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical application of indocyanine green (ICG) visualization by near infrared fluorescence laparoscopy (NIFL) in complex upper urinary tract reconstructions surgery. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 7 patients who underwent complex surgeries of ureteral reconstruction between May 2019 and October 2019. There were 6 males and 1 female with the age ranging from 24 to 57 years (median age was 47 years). There were 5 cases of right ureteral strictures, of which 3 were proximal ureteral strictures and 2 were multiple and long ureteral strictures caused by radiotherapy. There were 2 cases of left ureteral strictures, of which 1 was ureteropelvic junction stricture and 1 was proximal ureteral stricture. There were 4 cases of secondary repair operations and 3 cases of primary operations. All the patients underwent laparoscopic surgery via the abdominal approach. ICG was injected into the ureter via nephrostomy tube during the operations, and the diseased ureter was identified by NIFL. Among the patients, 2 cases underwent IUPU (Institute of Urology, Peking University) modified ileal ureter replacement, 2 cases underwent ureteroureterostomy, 2 cases underwent appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty, and 1 case underwent lingual mucosa onlay flap ureteroplasty. RESULTS: All the operations were successfully completed without open conversion. The localization and separation of ureteral lesions were completed under NIFL. The mean operative time was 187 (135-300) min. The duration of ureteral separation was 15-27 min, and the mean time was 18 min. The estimated blood loss was 15-200 mL, the mean estimated blood loss was 50 mL. There was one patient with ileal ureter replacement who had fever after surgery and responded well to antibiotics. The mean (range) length of postoperative hospital stay was 7 (6-10) days and no postoperative complications of a high grade (Clavien-Dindo Ⅲ and Ⅳ) occurred. Up to now, the mean follow-up duration was 9 (6-11) months, and no indocyanine green toxicity occurred. All D-J stents and nephrostomy were removed successfully 2 months after the operation. Ultrasound showed no obvious hydronephrosis, and CTU (computed tomography urography) showed that the urinary tract was unobstructed and the kidney function was normal. CONCLUSION The application of ICG in the complex upper urinary tract reconstructive surgery is a safe and easy method to help surgeon to identify the ureter which may reduce the risk of iatrogenic damage and protect the ureteral blood supply.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureter/surgery* ; Ureteral Obstruction ; Urologic Surgical Procedures ; Young Adult

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.
Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney Pelvis ; Laparoscopy ; Ureter ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery* ; Urologic Surgical Procedures

Ureteral injury can be classified as iatrogenic or traumatic, which represents a rare but challenging field of reconstructive urology. Due to their close proximity to vital abdominal and pelvic organs, the ureters are highly susceptible to iatrogenic injury, while ureteral injury caused by external trauma is relatively rare. The signs of ureteric injury are difficult to identify initially and often present after a delay. The treatment of ureteral injury, which is depended on the type, location, and degree of injury, the time of diagnosis and the patient's overall clinical condition, ranges from simple endoscopic management to complex surgical reconstruction. And long defect of the ureter presents much greater challenges to urologists. Ureterotomy under endoscopy using laser or cold-knife is available for the treatment of 2-3 cm benign ureteral injuries or strictures. Pyeloplasty is an effective treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction and some improved methods showed the possibility of repairing long-segment (10-15 cm) stenosis. Proximal and mid-ureteral injuries or strictures of 2-3 cm long can often be managed by primary ureteroureterostomy. When not feasible due to ureteral defects of longer segment, mobilization of the kidney should be considered, and transureteroureterostomy is alternative if the proximal ureter is of sufficient length. And autotransplantation or nephrectomy is regarded as the last resorts. Most of the injuries or strictures are observed in the distal ureter, below the pelvic brim, and are usually treated with ureteroneocystostomy. A non-refluxing technique together with a ureteral nipple or submucosal tunnel method, is preferable as it minimizes vesico-ureteral reflux and the risk of infection. In order to cover a longer distance, ureteroneocystostomy in combination with a psoas hitch (covering 6-10 cm of defect) or a Boari flap (covering 12-15 cm) is often adopted. Among various ureteral replacement procedures, only intestinal ureteral substitution, which includes ileal ureter, appendiceal interposition and reconfigured colon substitution, has gained wide acceptance when urothelial tissue is insufficient. Ileal ureter can be used to replace the ureter of >15 cm defect and even to replace the entire unbilateral ureter or bilateral ureter. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted techniques are increasingly being employed for ureteral reconstruction and adopted with encouraging results.
Humans ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Surgical Flaps ; Ureter/surgery* ; Ureteral Obstruction ; Urologic Surgical Procedures

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation in the treatment of transplanted ureteral stenosis. METHODS: One case of laparoscopic ureterovesicalre implantation in the treatment of ureteral stenosis after renal transplantation was reported, and related literatures was reviewed. A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with main complaint of hydronephrosis of transplanted kidney for five years after renal transplantation. Her physical examination showed slightly bulging in the transplanted kidney area without tenderness. The magnetic resonance urography (MRU) showed that the transplanted kidney and ureter were dilated obviously, with significant dilatation of renal pelvis and calyx, about 5 cm at the widest point of renal pelvis expansion, and the end of ureter was narrow, without abnormal filling defect in the ureter. The primary diagnosis was distal transplanted ureteral stenosis. After twice endoscopic ureteral dilatation by multi-endoscopic technique, there was no improvement in the hydronephrosis after the removal of the stent. After thorough preoperative preparation, laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation was performed under general anesthesia. Firstly, the median umbilical ligament, the lateral umbilical ligament and the peritoneal fold were cut off, and the anterior bladder space was dissociated distally. The space of left side wall of the bladder and the pubic bone was gradually dissociated, and the space of anterior bladder wall and the pubic bone was dissociated. Secondly, the right side wall of the bladder was dissociated from the head to the tail, and the surrounding structure was carefully identified to avoid injury of the ureter of the transplanted kidney. The transplanted ureter was sought between the right side of the bladder and the lower pole of the transplanted kidney. The distal end of the ureter was cut open, and the narrow section was cut off, confirming that no stenosis in the proximal ureter. The ureterocystic anastomosis was performed by Lich-Gregoir method (extra-bladder). Finally, the bladder tissue around the anastomosis site was fixed to the right pelvic wall to reduce tension. RESULTS: The operation was completed successfully, the operation time was 210 min, the amount of bleeding was about 30 mL, and there was no surgical complication. The creatinine was stable after operation, with serum creatinine declining to 68 μmol/L, and serum creatinine 94 μmol/L before operation. The patient was discharged 5 days after operation. After follow-up of 3 months, KUB indicated that the position of ureteral stent was good and the function of renal transplantation was stable. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation is a safe and effective treatment for ureteral ureteral stricture after renal transplantation. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery has less impact on renal renal allograft, with faster recovery, less bleeding, fewer complications, less postoperative pain and minimally invasive wound. This surgical procedure is difficult and requires an experienced urologist with high laparoscopic skills to perform.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Laparoscopy ; Middle Aged ; Replantation ; Ureter/surgery* ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors of the serious complications related with double-J ureteral stent placement following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

METHODSClinical data were reviewed for 272 patients treated with PCNL and indwelling double-J stents between January, 2014 and April, 2016. The risk factors of serious complications were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSSerious complications of double-J ureteral stenting occurred in 63 patients (23.1%). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the ureter abnormalities (β=1.735, P=0.000, OR=5.670), stent indwelling duration (β=1.206, P=0.028, OR=3.340), gender (β=0.895, P=0.016, OR=2.446), preoperative urinary tract infection (β=0.849, P=0.020 , OR=2.338) and stent size (β=0.847, P=0.011, OR=2.333) were all risk factors of serious complications related with the procedure.

CONCLUSIONMale patients are exposed to a higher risk of serious complications following PCNL. Effective management of urinary tract infection and choice of appropriate stent size in cases of ureteral abnormalities help to reduce these complications. The double-J stent should be withdrawn as soon as possible in patients with good postoperative recovery.

Female ; Humans ; Kidney Pelvis ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Postoperative Period ; Risk Factors ; Stents ; adverse effects ; Ureter ; surgery ; Ureteral Obstruction ; surgery