Background: Functional constipation is a common condition in early childhood, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 3%. In Mongolia, functional constipation has been increasingly diagnosed among young children, particularly those aged 2–6 years. The condition is associated with abdominal pain, bloating, painful defecation, stool retention behaviors, and long-term physical and psychological complications. Although pediatric Tuina massage is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a non-pharmacological intervention, evidence regarding its effectiveness remains limited in the local context. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic massage on stool frequency and stool consistency in children with functional constipation. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted between May and December 2025 at the “Bomborduk” Pediatric Traditional Medicine Center. Sixty children diagnosed with functional constipation (ICD-10 K59.04) were randomly assigned to a therapeutic massage group (n=30) or an exercise therapy group (n=30). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after one month using the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS) and the Bristol Stool Form Scale. Result: The mean age of participants was 3.75±0.94 years, with no significant difference between groups. In the massage therapy group, CAS scores decreased from 8.23±2.39 to 3.17±2.36, while Bristol Stool scores improved from 1.33±0.48 to 3.00±0.87. Improvements were significantly greater in the massage group compared with the exercise therapy group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Therapeutic massage is a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention that significantly improves stool consistency and reduces constipation severity in children with functional constipation.

Background: The cornerstone of medical education in training qualified physicians lies in foundational scientific knowledge, which forms the basis for clinical reasoning and diagnostic-therapeutic decision-making. Anatomy constitutes one of the core foundational subjects within the medical doctor training curriculum and exerts a direct influence on the development of students’ baseline knowledge and the formation of their clinical thinking. This study was conducted to evaluate the anatomy curriculum through assessments by first-year students enrolled in the basic medical education program, with the aim of enhancing instructional quality and improving the structure and organization of the course. Aim: To investigate the satisfaction ratings of first-year students in the basic medical education program regarding the Anatomy-1 course. Material and Methods: The study was carried out using an analytical cross-sectional design during the first semester of the 2025–2026 academic year. Data were collected from a total of 289 first-year students of the basic medical education program at the School of Bio-Medicine of MNUMS (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences) using a questionnaire comprising 24 items in total—3 demographic questions, 20 general satisfaction questions, and 1 open-ended question—with each item rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Data were processed using SPSS 23.0 software, employing descriptive statistics, two-sample t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and factor analysis. Results: Of the study participants, 14.2% were male and 85.8% were female, with the cohort distributed across programs as follows: TAM 10.38%, TMS 17.30%, MDS 44.29%, PDS 13.15%, and DSS 14.88%. The overall satisfaction level was 4.59±0.66, falling within the “good” range. The highest rating was attributed to “Faculty members possess strong professional knowledge and skills” (DSS, 4.91±0.37), whereas the lowest rating was assigned to “Students’ knowledge and skills are evaluated objectively and fairly” (PDS, 4.16±0.75). The internal consistency coefficient of the questionnaire yielded α=0.909, indicating excellent reliability. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among instructors’ respect for students’ viewpoints (Q4), instructors’ communication and demeanor (Q5), and professional ethics (Q6) (r=0.787; r=0.755; p<0.01). Factor analysis produced a KMO value of 0.865 and a Bartlett’s test result of p=0.000; accordingly, all 20 items were grouped into two factors—”Faculty Professional Competence” and “Learning Environment and Organization”—which collectively accounted for 58.74% of the total variance. Conclusions 1. The findings indicate that the overall satisfaction of first-year basic medical education students who participated in the study was at a favorable level. 2. Faculty professional competence and the learning environment and organization were identified as factors influencing student satisfaction, explaining 58.74% of the total variance in the results. It was further established that adherence to professional ethics, respect for students’ perspectives, and equitable treatment are contingent upon the instructor’s knowledge and professional expertise.

Background: The Anatomy course, which provides general foundational knowledge on the structure of all organ systems of the human body, is a core professional course in the bachelor’s curricula of Pharmacy, Biomedical Science, Hygiene and Epidemiology, Public Health, Occupational Safety and Health, and Nutrition and Dietetics. Student satisfaction is not only an important indicator of the quality of medical education, but also influences graduates’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes; therefore, continuous research in this area is necessary. Aim: To determine the level of satisfaction with the Anatomy curriculum among first-year students in basic health science programs and to identify factors influencing their satisfaction, with the aim of improving the quality of teaching. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2025 to February 2026 among 182 first-year students enrolled in the following programs at Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS): Biomedical Research, Pharmacy, Health Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Informatics, and Traditional Medicine Therapy. Student satisfaction with the quality of the Anatomy course was assessed using a 24-item questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, applying descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The internal consistency of the satisfaction scale was very high (Cronbach’s α=0.928). The mean overall satisfaction score of the participants was 4.61±0.67. There was no significant difference in overall satisfaction by gender (p > 0.05). Factor analysis identified two main factors influencing the evaluation of teaching quality (KMO=0.894; Bartlett’s test p<0.001), which together explained 52.73% of the total variance. The first factor was “Teachers’ professional competence, communication, attitude, and assessment,” and the second factor was “Course organization, learning environment, and instructional materials.” Correlation analysis showed that better course organization and higher teacher engagement were positively associated with students’ satisfaction (p<0.01). Conclusions 1. Among first-year basic health science students, satisfaction with the Anatomy course was influenced by teachers’ professional competence, ethics, interpersonal communication, and fair, objective assessment. 2. Adherence to professional ethics and maintaining respectful communication with students were found to be closely related to teachers’ knowledge and professional skills.

Background: The main risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity include the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and other sweetened foods. The sugar content of sugar-sweetened beverages was different from the nutritional information on the packaging. Aim: To determine sugar and brix content in domestic manufactured sugar-sweetened beverages, and compare information on the packaging and regulatory standards. Materials and Methods: The sugar and brix content in sugar-sweetened beverages was determined by laboratory anal ysis, including 150 domestically manufactured sugar-sweetened beverages. Laboratory analysis carried out in the Chemical toxicology laboratory of the National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety, MASM, determined sugar using a saccharometer and brix using refractometry. : Results: The study included 150 Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages, including 20.7% (n=31) carbonated drinks, 47.3% (n=71) fruit drinks, 16.0% (n=24) tea drinks, 1.3% (n=2) energy drinks, 14.7% (n=22) flavored water. Sugar content 0.0–15.6% in sugar-sweetened beverages. The laboratory analysis results compared with information on the packaging 72.0% (n=108) difference between 0.1–11.3%, 10.7% (n=16) same, do not have sugar content in the nutritional information on the packaging 17.3% (n=26). Brix contained 0.2–13.0% carbonated drinks, 4.9–15.7% fruit drinks, 0.6–9.8% tea drinks, 7.7–16.0% energy drinks, and 0.1–9.7% flavored water. Conclusions 1. Sugar content 0.0–15.6%, brix 0.0–16.0% in Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages. 2. The laboratory analysis results compared with nutritional information on the packaging 72.0% (n=108) difference between 0.1–11.3%, 10.7% (n=16) same nutritional information on the packaging, do not have sugar content in the nutritional information on the packaging 17.3% (n=26). 3. 37.3% of Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages are unsatisfied with regulatory standards.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is described by researchers as a condition that results from fluid under the retinal pigment epithelium, originating from the choroid of the eye. This disease usually affects the central part of vision and may resolve on its own over time, though in some cases, it can persist for long periods or recur. In our country, there is a lack of research regarding this condition, which led to the motivation for gathering and reviewing existing works on this topic. Aim: To collect and analyze a review of the studies on central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods: We reviewed and analyzed literature related to CSCR published in electronic sources such as Thomson Reuters, PubMed-central database, and Google Scholar using literature review methods. Results: CSCR is most commonly seen in individuals aged 35-55 years, with a significantly higher prevalence in men (9.9/100,000) compared to women (1.7/100,000). Researchers found that the prevalence of CSCR is nearly the same among populations in Europe, Africa, and Asia. CSCR typically affects one eye, but it occurs in both eyes in up to 40% of cases. Weenink A (2001) studied the family members of 27 patients with bilateral CSCR, finding that 52% of family members had been diagnosed with CSCR, and 27.5% of them had chronic CSCR in at least one eye. This suggests a potential genetic predisposition to CSCR. According to researchers, while CSCR can be diagnosed clinically, additional imaging techniques like fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are frequently used to rule out other diagnoses and guide treatment. Conclusion CSCR generally has a favorable prognosis, but recurrences and its effects on visual function indicate the need for effective management strategies. To maintain long-term visual improvement, it is essential to provide healthcare services tailored to the patient’s specific conditions and risk factors.

Background: Accreditation of healthcare institutions serves as a fundamental mechanism for ensuring patient safety and validating the quality of medical services provided to the population. At Intermed Hospital, a quality measurement system for healthcare services has been established since 2015, encompassing 126 quality indicators at both institutional and departmental levels. This system facilitates continuous quality improvement efforts. In this context, quality indicators specific to the endoscopy department play a pivotal role in objectively assessing the quality of endoscopic services. Aim: To assess the quality indicators in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted by collecting data from the Intermed hospital’s electronic information systems which included HIS and PACS and Quality and Safety Department’s Database and the results were processed using the SPSS software. Ethical approval was granted by the Intermed hospital’s Scientific research committee. The quality of endoscopic services in the Intermed hospital was assessed based on: a) the average values of four quality indicators measured monthly; b) sample survey data from five categories of quality indicators. Results : Between 2016 and 2024, the quality indicators of the endoscopy unit measured as the level of early warning score evaluations for patients was 95.97%±3.33, the level of cases where peripheral blood oxygen saturation decreased during sedation was 1.54%±3.78, the level of cases where patients experienced paradoxiical response during sedation was 5.82%±1.75, surveillance culturing level for validation of endoscopy reprocessing was 11.6%. The endoscopic documentation quality by peer review showed 95.7-100%, the colonoscopy quality indicators were followings as adenoma detection rate: 24.5% Cecal intubation rate: 99.1%, 95.2%, Colonoscope withdrawal average time: 13.28±10.62 minutes, Bowel preparation quality (Boston Scale): 89.3% 95.7%), patient discharge from the recovery room, Average discharge time post-procedure: With propofol alone: 30.92 minutes; With propofol and fentanyl combined: 31.52 minutes, The intermediate risk was 0.28% by the TROOPS evaluation during procedural sedation. Conclusion The quality benchmark levels for these endoscopic units, as determined by a single-center study, can be effectively implemented by benchmark endoscopy centers to enhance their quality and safety operations.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a global mental health crisis. According to WHO estimates, anxiety and depression rose by 25% in the first year. In the post-COVID era, over 70% of patients experience depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and OCD, which can persist for up to 24 months. Hospitalized individuals face heightened risks due to infection severity, treatment stress, and social isolation. However, studies examining treatment outcomes and influencing factors remain limited. In Mongolia, mental health issues escalated sharply from 2020 to 2022; WHO data indicate that anxiety and stress were prevalent among healthcare workers and patients. Children and youth were particularly affected, with UNICEF studies emphasizing the urgent need for intervention. Suicide rates increased from 18.3 per 100,000. Long-term research on post-COVID mental disorders is scarce, impeding policy formulation. This study evaluates treatment outcomes in COVID patients and identifies key factors. By comparing case and control groups at 3 and 12 months, it uncovers differences in symptoms and treatment responses. The comparative design assesses statistical significance via P-values and subgroup success rates for CBT and SSRI therapies. Findings will enhance Mongolia’s mental health services. Larger-scale studies are essential moving forward. Objective: To evaluate treatment outcomes for post-COVID mental disorders and identify influencing factors. To analyze differences in psychological symptoms and treatment between case (COVID-19 positive) and control groups over 3 and 12 months. Material and Method: Retrospective comparative analysis of records from 281 patients (cases n=181, controls n=100) at a unified hospital from 2020-2022. At 12 months, n=200 (cases n=100, controls n=100). Patients were categorized by anxiety, depression, insomnia, and stress-related symptoms, with P-values calculated. Detailed subgroup analysis (n=47 treated patients) was conducted. Results: At 3 months, cases showed higher anxiety (56.4%, P=0.002), depression (41.4%, P<0.001), and insomnia (58%, P=0.107). At 12 months, differences lessened but anxiety (52%, P=0.023) and depression (35%, P=0.042) remained significant. COVID-related new symptoms were elevated in cases (e.g., depression 24.3%, P<0.001). Treatment subgroup success was 95.7% (P<0.001), with duration influencing outcomes (P=0.03). Conclusion Post-COVID mental symptoms persist long-term in cases, and extended treatment durations yield better results. Larger studies are required

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a clinically significant pathogen widely distributed in food production environments. Its ability to form biofilms on food contact surfaces enhances 50 environmental persistence, increases antibiotic resistance 10–1500-fold, and poses serious challenges for food safety and public health. In Mongolia, data on the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus in meat processing and retail environments are limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 437 samples collected from meat supply and retail sites, including raw meat, aprons, counters, trolleys, and workers’ hands. Isolation and confirmation of S. aureus were performed using MNS 6308:2012 and ISO 6888-1:2021 standards, followed by PCR amplification of the species-specific nucA gene (270 bp). Biofilm formation was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay with 0.5% glucose supplemented tryptic soy broth and optical density at 490 nm, and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square tests with p< 0.05 considered significant. Of the 437 samples, 14.2% (62/437) were contaminated with S. aureus. Contamination was higher in retail markets (25.9%) than supply sites (9.3%). Among isolates, 40.3% exhibited biofilm-forming ability: 29.0% weak, 9.7% moderate, and 1.6% strong. Biofilm formation did not significantly differ by sampling site or sample type (p>0.05). SEM imaging revealed distinct biofilm architectures with polysaccharide matrices at 80,000× magnification. A considerable proportion of S. aureus isolates from meat processing and retail environments exhibited biofilm forming ability, posing a potential risk for cross-contamination and persistent foodborne transmission. Strengthened hygiene and sanitation measures are essential to control biofilm-associated S. aureus contamination in Mongolia’s meat production and supply chain.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted mental health, particularly exacerbating conditions such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and emotional disorders among hospitalized patients. This study examined the prevalence of COVID-19-related mental health issues and risk factors in hospitalized patients affiliated with MNUMS, compared to a control group. Aim: To assess the prevalence of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to identify their associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at hospitals under MNUMS, including the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital, Central Hospital, and the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. A total of 552 participants (399 case group, 153 control group) who were hospitalized were included. Depression (PHQ-9≥10), anxiety (GAD-7≥10), insomnia (ISI≥15), and PTSD (PCL-5≥33) were assessed using standardized scales. Analysis was performed using chi-square tests and binary logistic regression (crude odds ratio [cOR]/adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 95% confidence interval [CI]), adjusted for group, age, and sex. Results: In the case group, depression (23.1% vs. 13.7%, p=0.015, cOR=1.884 [1.124-3.156]), anxiety (16.8% vs. 11.1%, p=0.096), and any mental disorder (18.0% vs. 13.7%, p=0.225) were higher, while insomnia was lower (19.5% vs. 30.1%, p=0.008). PTSD was low overall (1.8% vs. 0.7%, p=0.333). Risk factors included female sex (p<0.001, cOR=0.362 for depression in males), younger age (p=0.004), unemployment (p=0.017), and prior trauma (p<0.001). COVID-19 symptoms (difficulty breathing) increased the risk of depression (p<0.001, cOR=2.828 [1.708-4.682]). Conclusion Hospitalization for COVID-19 increases the risk of depression and anxiety, modulated by demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors. Targeted interventions for vulnerable groups are essential.

Background: In Mongolia, 7,244 new cancer cases were registered in 2023, of which 5.9% (425 cases) were cervical cancer. The prevalence of cervical cancer is 14.5 per 10,000 populations. In Ömnögovi province, 597 cancer cases were recorded in 2023, and 18.5% of them were cervical cancer. The cervical cancer screening coverage in Ömnögovi province was 45.6% in 2023. Aim: To identify the types of human papillomavirus (HPV) among women aged 30 years and above in Dalanzadgad soum. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. We included 100 women aged 30 years and above in Dalanzadgad soum. HPV genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among women diagnosed with cervical erosion. A 44-item questionnaire was also administered to assess the risk factors for cervical cancer. Results: HPV was detected in 41% of participants, while 59% tested negative. Among the participants, 25 had one genotype, 13 had two genotypes, and 3 had three genotypes. Among the 41 women who tested positive, 49% had high-risk genotypes. A total of 20 HPV genotypes were identified, including 16 high-risk and 4 low-risk types. Of the HPV-positive women, 65.9% were married, and 58.5% had only one lifetime sexual partner. In addition, 78% of participants reported never having undergone cervical cytology screening prior to this study. Conclusion In Dalanzadgad soum, 2 out of every 5 women are at risk of HPV infection, and among those infected, 1 out of 2 carry a high-risk HPV genotype.