Background: Thrombotic alterations play a central role in the pathogenesis of both macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product generated during fibrinolysis, has emerged as a potential biomarker for predicting chronic diabetic complications and assessing their severity. Aim: To determine D-dimer levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and investigate their association with various microvascular complications. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 215 participants with T2DM. Individuals diagnosed with other forms of diabetes, those receiving anticoagulant therapy, and those with liver disease were excluded according to the predefined exclusion criteria. Participants were categorized into two groups according to their D-dimer levels: ≤0.260 μg/mL and >0.260 μg/mL. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy was compared between the groups. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Results: A total of 215 individuals with T2DM were included in the study. The median D-dimer level was 0.260 μg/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.190–0.460). The prevalence of at least one microvascular complication was significantly higher among participants with D-dimer levels above the median than among those with levels at or below the median (51.4% vs. 37.0%, p=0.034). The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was 33.6% versus 13.0% (p<0.001), while that of diabetic neuropathy was 20.6% versus 10.2% (p=0.035), respectively, indicating a higher burden of chronic complications in the group with elevated D-dimer levels. Participants with D-dimer levels above the median had 2.23 times higher odds of having at least one diabetic microvascular complication (OR=2.23; 95% CI: 1.19–4.18; p=0.013). Conclusions 1. Elevated D-dimer levels were observed in 21.4% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus included in the study. 2. D-dimer levels above the median (0.260 μg/mL) were associated with a twofold increase in the odds of having diabetic microvascular complications (OR=2.23; 95% CI: 1.19–4.18; p=0.013).

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, with HPV genotypes 16 and 18 classified as high-risk types. In Mongolia, HPV testing has been increasingly implemented in recent years, alongside updates to the national screening program. These developments highlight the need for additional testing approaches to encourage regular participation in the national screening program, improve diagnostic accuracy, and facilitate timely treatment planning. These considerations provided the rationale for this study. Aim: To detect HPV infection in cervical samples collected by healthcare professionals and vaginal samples self-collected by women, determine the concordance between the test results, and evaluate the feasibility of self-sampling for cervical cancer screening. Materials and Methods: A total of 206 women aged 25–68 years participated in the study. Two types of samples for HPV testing and one sample for PAP smear were collected from the participants. 14 high-risk of HPV genotypes were classified into three groups, and cytological findings were evaluated according to the 2014 Bethesda System. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 30.0. Results: The concordance between the two sampling methods for HPV detection kappa was 0.949. High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 50 women (35.2%) among the participants with available test results. Cytological abnormalities were identified in 51% of women who tested positive for HPV. Conclusion Self-sampling is a reliable method for HPV detection, demonstrating good concordance with healthcare professional-collected cervical samples. It has considerable potential to increase cervical cancer screening coverage and improve access to screening, particularly in geographically remote areas.

Background: Complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most widely used clinical tests, offering a high-quality, inexpensive, and routine diagnostic tool for various diseases and for monitoring treatment outcomes. Due to modern technological advancements, blood cells are now measured in greater detail, with 36 parameters being evaluated. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly increasing, not only globally but also in our country. This rise in prevalence leads to numerous adverse consequences, including delayed diagnosis, poor control, an increase in chronic complications, and treatment failure. Hyperglycemia is a predisposing factor for chronic inflammation, and a relatively new inflammatory marker, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), may be useful for assessing diabetes control. In recent years, NLR has been studied as a composite biomarker that more effectively reflects systemic inflammation and is easier to detect compared to other inflammatory markers. An increase in neutrophil count and percentage indicates chronic, low-grade, toxic, and non-specific inflammation, while a decrease in lymphocyte count suggests insufficient immune regulation. Thus, an elevated NLR not only reflects the immune system’s functional state in chronic inflammation, but it is also studied as a reliable and selective marker of systemic inflammation in chronic diseases. NLR is considered more stable than the total leukocyte count, is less affected by physiological and pathological factors, is inexpensive, and can be incorporated into daily clinical practice. Aim: To study the relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in a complete blood count and diabetes control and complications Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 145 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were treated at the Endocrine Clinic of the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Data on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and diabetic complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot complications, were collected from the Carte-Hospital Management System. Based on the frequency distribution of the NLR parameter, the values were classified into three groups: low, medium, and high. These groups were subsequently compared with glycemic control and complications using correlation and linear regression analyses, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of the study participants (n=145) was 57.3±12.9 years, with 46.8% (n=131) being male. The mean duration of diabetes was 9.6 years (range: 1-31 years), and the mean HbA1c level was 8.6±2.47%. Among the participants, 59.3% (n=86) exhibited poor glycemic control. Regarding complications, 52.3% of participants experienced at least one diabetes-related complication. Of these, 25.2% had one complication, 13.3% had two, and 7.1% had three or more. The most common complications were retinopathy (25.7%), nephropathy (18.6%), and macrovascular complications (11.9%). A statistically significant increase in the mean HbA1c level was observed across groups stratified by NLR levels (p=0.003). Linear correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between HbA1c levels (r=0.194, p=0.001) and the number of chronic diabetes complications (r=0.162, p=0.002). Conclusion The NLR level is positively correlated with both diabetes control and the occurrence of chronic complications. As an inexpensive and easily accessible test, it can be used for daily monitoring and early detection of complications.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted mental health, particularly exacerbating conditions such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and emotional disorders among hospitalized patients. This study examined the prevalence of COVID-19-related mental health issues and risk factors in hospitalized patients affiliated with MNUMS, compared to a control group. Aim: To assess the prevalence of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to identify their associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at hospitals under MNUMS, including the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital, Central Hospital, and the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. A total of 552 participants (399 case group, 153 control group) who were hospitalized were included. Depression (PHQ-9≥10), anxiety (GAD-7≥10), insomnia (ISI≥15), and PTSD (PCL-5≥33) were assessed using standardized scales. Analysis was performed using chi-square tests and binary logistic regression (crude odds ratio [cOR]/adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 95% confidence interval [CI]), adjusted for group, age, and sex. Results: In the case group, depression (23.1% vs. 13.7%, p=0.015, cOR=1.884 [1.124-3.156]), anxiety (16.8% vs. 11.1%, p=0.096), and any mental disorder (18.0% vs. 13.7%, p=0.225) were higher, while insomnia was lower (19.5% vs. 30.1%, p=0.008). PTSD was low overall (1.8% vs. 0.7%, p=0.333). Risk factors included female sex (p<0.001, cOR=0.362 for depression in males), younger age (p=0.004), unemployment (p=0.017), and prior trauma (p<0.001). COVID-19 symptoms (difficulty breathing) increased the risk of depression (p<0.001, cOR=2.828 [1.708-4.682]). Conclusion Hospitalization for COVID-19 increases the risk of depression and anxiety, modulated by demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors. Targeted interventions for vulnerable groups are essential.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a global mental health crisis. According to WHO estimates, anxiety and depression rose by 25% in the first year. In the post-COVID era, over 70% of patients experience depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and OCD, which can persist for up to 24 months. Hospitalized individuals face heightened risks due to infection severity, treatment stress, and social isolation. However, studies examining treatment outcomes and influencing factors remain limited. In Mongolia, mental health issues escalated sharply from 2020 to 2022; WHO data indicate that anxiety and stress were prevalent among healthcare workers and patients. Children and youth were particularly affected, with UNICEF studies emphasizing the urgent need for intervention. Suicide rates increased from 18.3 per 100,000. Long-term research on post-COVID mental disorders is scarce, impeding policy formulation. This study evaluates treatment outcomes in COVID patients and identifies key factors. By comparing case and control groups at 3 and 12 months, it uncovers differences in symptoms and treatment responses. The comparative design assesses statistical significance via P-values and subgroup success rates for CBT and SSRI therapies. Findings will enhance Mongolia’s mental health services. Larger-scale studies are essential moving forward. Objective: To evaluate treatment outcomes for post-COVID mental disorders and identify influencing factors. To analyze differences in psychological symptoms and treatment between case (COVID-19 positive) and control groups over 3 and 12 months. Material and Method: Retrospective comparative analysis of records from 281 patients (cases n=181, controls n=100) at a unified hospital from 2020-2022. At 12 months, n=200 (cases n=100, controls n=100). Patients were categorized by anxiety, depression, insomnia, and stress-related symptoms, with P-values calculated. Detailed subgroup analysis (n=47 treated patients) was conducted. Results: At 3 months, cases showed higher anxiety (56.4%, P=0.002), depression (41.4%, P<0.001), and insomnia (58%, P=0.107). At 12 months, differences lessened but anxiety (52%, P=0.023) and depression (35%, P=0.042) remained significant. COVID-related new symptoms were elevated in cases (e.g., depression 24.3%, P<0.001). Treatment subgroup success was 95.7% (P<0.001), with duration influencing outcomes (P=0.03). Conclusion Post-COVID mental symptoms persist long-term in cases, and extended treatment durations yield better results. Larger studies are required

BACKGROUND: To highlight from the varies researches, made by global scientists, about principle for students’ studying procedure, that students get enough information from the environment, habitation, media of communication before they run into school. It’s very important that students’ occupied knowledge and practice should be based on their daily life, associated with their future job, real requirement, and interest. The learner should be not only a knowledge owner, but also a knowledge creator to have a self-educated skill based on an activity. Most medical students encounter with high pressure in their first school year, and it has a high risk to drop their school at their first year, such as in Scotland 9.9% (Scotsman, 2010), in Australia 33% (Hinde, 2008) in Southern Africa 40% (Macgregor, 2007). We chose this article in our research to study the psychology of the premedical training students and to determine if it has the relevance with educational achievement. METHODS: The research has done with instant analytical research paper sample, and got a standard survey about adaptation and psychological changes in the 1st course of premedical training of medical school. After identifying the normal distribution of variables, we considered the differences between indexes with percent variables with Chi-Square distribution method, and differences between averages with T-Test methods, and also it could have true probability statistic if the meaning of “p” reaches less than 0.05. We have sum up the quality research data by their content groups. RESULT: The overall number of students, who has been involved in our survey, has reached 106 and from the ratio of genders and 1st, 2nd term’s GPA, we can analyze that without gender differences the students’ GPA has been improved in the 2nd term. The highest value of the students’ GPA was 1.47 and increased from C (2.49) mark to A (3.22) mark. The comparison of the 106 students’ valuation of their social adaptation by themselves in the first and second term, who has been involved in our survey, has shown that the highest value of the first term was 18.85, which the question was “How many times have you missed your class in last 2 weeks?” and the answer of the same question in the end of the second term has decreased to 1.11 average meaning, which shows that the students’ attitude for missing classes has decreased. The ratio of total number of students’ evaluation of social adaptation and 1st, 2nd term’s GPA, has been shown positive ratio of the GPA to the social adaptation, which was counted by Correlation formula. CONCLUSION: According to the students, who has involved in our study, have elevated their 2nd term GPA than 1st term, The adaptation of the students, who is studying in premedical training of the medical school, have been improving in the end of the school term, It’s giving a positive relevance between social adaptation and GPА of the students, who is studying in premedical training of the medical school.

Background. There are at least 650 million people and one out or every 10 people worldwide has a disability. In Mongolia, around 128.000 people with disabilities and 12.000 are wheelchair users. Disabilities affect people in different ways. Causing trouble to their economy, their social life, mental and daily self care.The people with disabilities in Mongolia have much difficulties for their daily activities, have limited possibilities to be included in a health and social services equally and the status to become isolated from the society of them and their families are the invariable problem for them.Goal. To study and evaluate the daily embarrassments and problems of the disabled people and the standard medical environment for them.Results. The 55.8% were male and 4.2% were female of the participants in the survey 88.4% of them answered that they can use their wheelchairs in even land and square only. The 76.4% of the participants do not use public transportation and there is no road for the wheelchair users, no ramp is planned for the citizens with wheelchairs in service centers and organizations and so these are the facing problems for the disabled citizens in Mongolia.It demonstrates that the standard for the disabled citizens is not considered in the medical environmental standards seemingly from no ramp is planned for the citizens with wheelchairs in 92% of the hospitals, no elevator for the citizens with wheelchairs in 91% of the hospitals, 88% of the hospitals have not equipped their toilets with the equipments for the disabled citizens, and 91 % of the hospitals have not planned a room for the disabled citizens for the hospitals included in the surveys.Conclusions:1. Wheelchair users mostly dependent for daily and creative activities. Also they have limited social opportunities because there is no appropriate environment.2. Hospitals involved in the research showed that disabled people have limited health services, hospital environmental standard is not appropriate for them and 1,2 and 3 level of hospitals must setup infrastructure for the disabled people.