Against the backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in 2022, this article reviews the characteristics of traumatic hemorrhage in modern warfare spanning the past century. It investigates several types of tourniquets used by the Russian and Ukrainian armed forces, including limb tourniquets and junctional tourniquets recommended by the Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care, tourniquets employed by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and those used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. The analysis is conducted from perspectives, including the structure, usage methods, and limitations of different tourniquets. Additionally, the article synthesizes the research progress on tourniquets from 3 angles: battlefield adaptability, the impact of tourniquet application methods on patient outcomes, and training in tourniquet usage, offering insights from our team's perspective.
Tourniquets ; Humans ; Russia ; Hemorrhage/therapy* ; Ukraine ; Military Medicine/methods* ; Warfare ; Armed Conflicts

PURPOSE: Polytrauma is still a challenge for health care organizations. Today, the search for factors to reduce lethality continues. This study aims to describe the causes of death associated with polytrauma in 1 year. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed autopsy data of trauma deaths in Moscow for the whole of 2017. We identified victims with polytrauma, taking into account the Berlin definition as the main inclusion criteria with penetrating and blunt trauma. Each forensic report had information about the pre-hospital and hospital stages of treatment and autopsy data. The exclusion criteria for this study were: isolated injury, forensic reports not related to the examination of entire corpses, and autopsy studies of children (<18 years old). Statistical analysis was performed according to basic principles, including a comparison of groups using the Chi-squared test with Bonferroni comparison test and Fisher's exact test. The critical level of significance (p value) in testing statistical hypotheses in this study was taken as 0.05. RESULTS: We analyzed 2337 forensic medical examinations of victims who died of trauma in Moscow in 2017, of which 41.5% (n = 969) were polytrauma deaths. Most of the victims (65.4%, n = 634) died on the scene, and only 30.0% were admitted to the hospital. The most frequent cause of death was bleeding (72.0%, n = 698), followed by traumatic brain injury (43.8%, n = 424). They accounted for the first peak (78.4%, p = 0.005) of deaths, occurring in the first hours. Then these causes of death in the first peak go down in a few hours, and the second peak of mortality appears in 3 - 7 days (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest full-year autopsy study of polytrauma victims. Our data show that the main cause of polytrauma death is massive bleeding, with a lethality peak in the first hours after injury. The time distribution of polytrauma deaths has a bimodal pattern - the second period of polytrauma deaths occurs in 3 - 7 days.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Moscow/epidemiology* ; Autopsy ; Multiple Trauma/mortality* ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Middle Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cause of Death ; Young Adult ; Infant ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over

BACKGROUND: Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBL) is a major cause of mortality and top contributor to productivity loss in large emerging economies such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). We examined the time trends of TBL mortality across the BRICS to better understand the disease burden in these countries and inform public health and healthcare resource allocation. METHODS: TBL mortality-related data between 1990 and 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and analyzed using age-period-cohort models. Net drift (local drift) was used to describe the expected age-adjusted TBL mortality rate over time overall (each age group); the longitudinal age curve was used to reflect the age effect; the period rate ratios (RRs) were used to reflect the period effect; and the cohort RR was used to reflect the cohort effect. RESULTS: In 2019, there were 958.3 thousand TBL deaths across the BRICS, representing 46.9% of the global TBL deaths. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of TBL decreased in Russia, Brazil, and South Africa while increased in China and India, with the largest reduction reported in Russia (-29.6%) and the largest increase in China (+22.4%). India showed an overall increase (+15.7%) in TBL mortality but the mortality risk decreased among individuals born after 1990 (men) and 1995 (women). Although South Africa and Brazil experienced an overall decline in TBL mortality, their recent birth cohorts, such as Brazilian individuals born after 1985 (men) and 1980 (women), and South African men born after 1995, had an increasing TBL mortality risk. China has experienced an overall increase in TBL mortality, with the mortality risk rising among individuals born after 1995 for both men and women. Russia, which had the highest TBL mortality among the BRICS countries in 1990, has demonstrated significant improvement over the past three decades. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 30 years, the BRICS accounted for an increasing proportion of global TBL mortality. TBL mortality increased in older women in all the BRICS countries except Russia. Among the recent birth cohort, the risk of TBL mortality increased in Brazil, China, and South Africa. More effective efforts are needed in the BRICS to reduce the burden of TBL and help achieve the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality* ; Male ; Female ; China/epidemiology* ; Middle Aged ; Global Burden of Disease ; Aged ; India/epidemiology* ; Adult ; South Africa/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Russia/epidemiology* ; Brazil/epidemiology* ; Tracheal Neoplasms/mortality* ; Bronchial Neoplasms/mortality* ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child

Through checking the archives from China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), the event that the experts from the former Soviet Union visiting China and learning acupuncture-moxibustion in 1956 was sorted out. In 1956, under the framework of
Acupuncture ; Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; Moxibustion ; USSR

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the study are to find out the effect of the implementing reform in three Central Asian countries, identify its impact on health status and health care delivery systems. This study address to identify strong and weak points of the health systems and provide a recommendation for further health care organization. METHODS: A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of implemented policy on health care system efficiency and equity. Secondary data were collected on selected health indicators using information from the World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure Database, European Health Information Platform, and World Bank Open Data. RESULTS: In terms of population status, countries achieved relatively good results. Infant mortality and under-5 mortality rate decreased in all countries; also, life expectancy increased, and it was more than 70 years. Regulations of the health systems are still highly centralized, and the Ministry of Health is the main organ responsible for national health policy developing and implementation. Among the three countries, only Kyrgyzstan was successful in introducing a national health system. Distribution of health expenditure between public expenditure and out-of-pocket payments was decreased, and out-of-pocket payments were less the 50% of total health expenditure in all countries, in 2014. CONCLUSION: After independent, all three countries implemented a certain number of the policy reform, mostly it was directed to move away from the old the Soviet system. Subsequent reform should be focused on evidence-based decision making and strengthening of primary health care in terms of new public health concepts.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Decision Making ; Delivery of Health Care ; Global Health ; Health Expenditures ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Kazakhstan ; Kyrgyzstan ; Life Expectancy ; Mortality ; Primary Health Care ; Public Health ; Social Control, Formal ; United Nations ; Uzbekistan ; World Health Organization

PURPOSE: Obesity is a major health problem of global significance because it is clearly associated with an increased risk of health problems, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Lonicera caerulea (LC) originates from high mountains or wet areas and has been used as a traditional medicine in northern Russia, China, and Japan. LC contains a range of bioactive constituents, such as vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. This study examined the anti-obesity effects of LC during differentiation in preadipocytes. METHODS: The cell viability assay was performed after the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells for 7 days. Oil Red O staining was used to visualize the changes in lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cells and mouse adipose-derived stem cells (MADSCs). The mRNA expression of obesity-related genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: According to the results of Oil Red O staining, the lipid levels and size of lipid droplets in the adipocytes were reduced and the LC extract (LCE, 0.25–1 mg/mL) markedly inhibited adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of LCE also decreased the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in 3T3-L1 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1 protein levels in both 3T3-L1 and MADSC were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LCE can inhibit adipogenic differentiation through the regulation of adipogenesis-related markers.
3T3-L1 Cells ; Adipocytes ; Adipogenesis ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cell Survival ; China ; Japan ; Lipid Droplets ; Lonicera ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mice ; Minerals ; Miners ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Obesity ; Peroxisomes ; Polyphenols ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Russia ; Stem Cells ; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: Emotional intelligence is a factor affecting the health of individuals, and happiness is another factor affecting it. Medical students' health can greatly affect a community's health due to the important role of medical students in maintaining and improving it. Accordingly, we aimed to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and happiness among the students of the Shiraz Medical School. METHODS: This study is an analytical, cross-sectional study. The target population of this study was the medical students who began studying in the medical school and the international branch of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from September 2014 to September 2017. The sample size was 300 students who were selected by a systematic sampling method. The instruments for collecting information in this study were Oxford Happiness Inventory and Siberia Schering's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of 292 responded participants were 20.73 with standard deviation of ±1.81 emotional intelligence (p < 0.001), level of stress (p < 0.001), and grade (p=0.03) and type of personality (p < 0.001) can explain the changes in the happiness level and they were significant effective factors in the regression modeling. CONCLUSION: Emotional intelligence was a predictive factor for happiness in medical students. Students with higher emotional intelligence felt healthier. And happiness in extroverted students was higher than introverted ones. It is suggested that the results of this study should be confirmed with prospective studies.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Emotional Intelligence ; Happiness ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Iran ; Methods ; Prospective Studies ; Sample Size ; Schools, Medical ; Siberia ; Students, Medical

The Open Access Initiative is gaining momentum due to the worldwide availability of advanced digital tools, online publishing platforms, and systems for tracking academic contributions. Several declarations and initiatives, including Plan S, have already laid a foundation for moving away from subscription to full and immediate open-access publishing. The global initiatives imply targeting journals satisfying the upgraded quality and visibility criteria. To meet these criteria, a comprehensive approach to Open Access is recommended. This article overviews the essential components of the comprehensive approach, increasing transparency, adherence to ethical standards, and diversification of evaluation metrics. With the increasing volume of quality open-access journals, their indexing with free databases and search engines is becoming increasingly important. The Directory of Open Access Journals and PubMed Central currently free searches of open-access sources. These services, however, cannot fully satisfy the increasing demands of the users, and attempts are underway to upgrade the indexing and archiving of open-access sources in China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and elsewhere. The wide use of identifiers is essential for transparency of scholarly communications. Peer reviewers are now offered credits from Publons. These credits are transferrable to their Open Researcher and Contributor iDs. Various social media channels are increasingly used by scholars to comment on articles. All these comments are tracked by related metric systems, such as Altmetrics. Combined with traditional citation evaluations, the alternative metrics can help timely identify and promote publications influencing education, research, and practice.
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic ; Access to Information ; Bibliography as Topic ; China ; Education ; Japan ; Korea ; Metric System ; Open Access Publishing ; Peer Review ; Periodicals as Topic ; Russia ; Search Engine ; Social Media

PURPOSE: To report a case of optic neuritis accompanied by optic perineuritis after retinalamin peribulbar injection. CASE SUMMARY: A 46-year-old Kazakhstan woman presented with sudden vision loss, headache, and pain in both eyes which began 2 hours after the peribulbar injection of retinalamin approximately 10 days prior to her initial visit. At the initial visit, the best-corrected visual acuity was light perception in both eyes. A fundus examination showed bilateral optic disc swelling and fluorescein angiography showed late-phase leakage around the optic nerve and optic nerve sheath enhancement. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, the tram track sign and donut sign were seen in both eyes. Steroid pulse therapy was started after the diagnosis of optic neuritis accompanied by optic perineuritis. After 6 months, the patient's visual acuity improved up to 0.8 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. The light reflex was recovered, the relative afferent pupillary defect decreased, and there was no evidence of optic disc swelling. CONCLUSIONS: When an unverified drug injection is performed (e.g., retinalamin), it could result in complications such as optic neuritis and optic perineuritis from an allergic reaction or peribulbar injection trauma. In such cases, high-dose steroid pulse therapy may be considered.
Brain ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Kazakhstan ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Optic Nerve ; Optic Neuritis ; Pupil Disorders ; Reflex ; Visual Acuity

This study focused on the socialist camp's North Korean medical support and its effects on North Korean medical field from liberation to 1958. Except for the Soviet assistance from liberation to the Korean War, existing studies mainly have paid attention to the ‘autonomous’ growth of the North Korean medical field. The studies on the medical support of the Eastern European countries during the Korean War have only focused on one-sided support and neglected the interactions with the North Korean medical field. Failing in utilizing the materials produced in North Korea has led to the omission of detailed circumstances of providing support. Since the review of China's support and the North Korea-China medical exchanges has been concentrated in the period after the mid-1950s, the impacts of China's medical support on North Korea during the Korean War period and the post-war recovery period have not been taken into account. In terms of these limitations, this study examined the medical activities by the Socialist camp of the Eastern European countries in North Korea after the Korean War. The medical aid teams from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany that came to North Korea in the wake of the Korean War continued to stay in North Korea after the war to build hospitals and train medical personnel. In the hospitals operated by these countries, cooperative medical care with North Korean medical personnel and medical technology education were conducted. Moreover, medical teams from each country in North Korea held seminars and conferences and exchanged knowledge with the North Korean medical field staffs. These activities by the Socialist countries in North Korea provided the North Korean medical personnel with the opportunity to directly experience the medical technology of each country. China's support was crucial to North Korea's ‘rediscovery’ of Korean medicine in the mid-1950s. After the Korean War, North Korea began to apply the Chinese-Western medicine integration policy, which was performed in China at that time, to the North Korean health care field through China's medical support and exchanges. In other words, China's emphasis on Chinese medicine and the integration of the Chinese-Western medicine were presented as one of the directions for medical development of North Korea in the 1950s, and the experiences of China in this process convinced North Korea that Korean medicine policy was appropriate. The decision-makers of the North Korean medical policies, who returned to North Korea after studying abroad in China at that time, actively introduced the experiences from China and constantly sought to learn about them. This study identified that a variety of external stimuli had complex impacts on the North Korean medical field in the gap between ‘Soviet learning’ in the late 1940s and the ‘autonomous’ medical development since the 1960s. The North Korean medical field was formed not by the unilateral or dominant influences of a single nation but by the stimulation from many nations and the various interactions in the process.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bulgaria ; China ; Congresses as Topic ; Czechoslovakia ; Delivery of Health Care ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Education ; Germany ; Humans ; Hungary ; Korean War ; Learning ; Poland ; Romania ; USSR