Background: Nicotine-containing vaporized liquids—composed of propylene glycol, glycerin, water, flavorings, and the thickening agent vitamin E acetate—have been implicated in the development of EVALI. Under conditions of low liquid levels and overheating, these substances release toxic carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein). In a 2019 national survey, 3.5% of adolescents aged 13–15 reported cigarette use, and 10% used e-cigarettes. Aim: To study the changes in the behavior, lung, and hippocampal structures of rats due to the effects of electronic cigarettes and their vapor. Materials and Methods: In this study, nineteen 14-day-old SHR rats were exposed to 1 g/mg/day of nicotine and dry hit vapor (control, nicotine and dry hit groups) for four weeks. Behavioral assessments (Open Field Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Conditioned Place Preference), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and histological analysis of lung and hippocampal tissue were conducted. Results: The dry hit vapor group showed significantly reduced body weight (p=0.034), increased anxiety (p=0.006, p=0.025), and avoidance of the smoky chamber. BAL revealed elevated total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages (p=0.01, p=0.04) in both nicotine and dry hit groups. Lung tissue exhibited alveolar septal thickening, inflammation, and emphysema- like changes. Extensive neuronal death was observed in the hippocampus. Conclusion Anxiety-like behavior was observed in both the burn and control groups. Analysis of BAL in the dry hit group revealed inflammation predominantly characterized by macrophage infiltration. Histological examination of lung tissue from both experimental groups demonstrated a reduction in the number of alveoli, accompanied by acute inflammation and thickening of the interalveolar septa. In the hippocampal region, neuronal loss and a reduction in neuronal density were also observed.

The study is devoted to the morphological characteristics of the maturation of lung tissue structures in the fetal period. Fetal histology of the lungs presents the intrauterine development of lung tissue in four successive stages: pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar, each has specific morphological criteria. The following morphological features are predetermined: the development of alveolar epithelium, the ratio of mesenchyme towards the area in alveolar spaces, the degree of proliferation and location of vessels of the microcirculatory bed towards prealveolar partitions. During the fetal period the alveolar columnar epithelium is flattened and differentiates into alveolocytes type I lung histology with the demonstration of histological preparations of the lungs at different stages of intrauterine development. Keywords: fetal lungs, prealveolar structures, pseudoglandular stage, canalicular stage, alveolar stage, alveolar capillary membrane, immunohistochemical study. 16 and II, the area of the mesenchyme gradually decreases and by the birth of a full-term newborn kid it is present mainly in the thickness between the alveolar septa, microcirculation vessels, initially laying deep in the thickness of the mesenchymal tissue, gradually proliferate, approach the pre-alveolar epithelium, channeling it with the formation of alveolar capillary membranes. Air exchange in the lung tissue is mainly provided with two factors: the presence of second-order alveolocytes capable of producing surfactant, and a sufficient formation of alveolias well. This work summarizes the basics of fetal lung histology with the demonstration of histological preparations of the lungs at different stages of intrauterine development.

Abstract Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of people worldwide. Significant advancements in both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have greatly improved outcomes, particularly for individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy. Modern neurostimulation techniques such as Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency in these patients. Additionally, emerging technologies like gene therapy and optogenetics are being explored to better understand the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy and hold promise as future treatment modalities.Traditional imaging techniques often fail to detect subtle epileptogenic zones. However, the introduction of ultra high-field 7T MRI scanners represents a major breakthrough. These advanced scanners use eight transmitters to generate higher-resolution images, reducing signal dropout and enabling the identification of previously undetected lesions. In one study involving 31 patients, 58% had their treatment plans modified based on 7T MRI findings, highlighting its potential to inform surgical decision-making. In terms of pharmacological treatment, newer medications such as sultiame, cannabidiol (CBD), and non-pharmacological approaches like the ketogenic diet have emerged as additional therapeutic options for drug-resistant epilepsy. These developments contribute to more effective, personalized management strategies for epilepsy. In summary, the landscape of epilepsy diagnosis and treatment is rapidly evolving. Innovations in imaging and therapeutic interventions are offering new hope for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Ongoing research and clinical trials remain essential to further refine these approaches and improve patient outcomes.

<b>Introductionb> Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases

IntroductionStudies on structure and function of reproductive system of experimental animal by developing coldstress model have been getting attractions from researchers. The study on changes of reproductive system of offspring from experimental animal which had cold stress has been done in recent times.GoalCold stress modeling in female experiment rats and, identifying the changes of stages of estrous cycleand reproductive hormone.Materials and MethodsIn order to identify stages of changes of reproductive hormone of experiment female rat which is model of cold stress, 90 Wistar breeding rats weight of 170-178 g were divided into following 6 groups:Non-gravid control group–15, gravid control group–15, non-gravid group for cold stress–15:15:15, gravid group for cold stress–15. Pathologic cold stress was modeled in 15:15:15 rats of non-gravid group for cold stress by putting in fridge everyday between 8 to 11 o’clock for 7:14:21 days and in 15 rats of gravid group for cold stress by putting in fridge (-150) every day between 8 to 11 o’clock for 28 to 30 days (Avcina AP(1989), Melovanov АP(1991)). Time to vaginal opening was determined to use method of Volkova OB in offspring of gravid experiment rats and control group after 2 months. After that selected 15 female offspring were put to sleep with ether and taken blood of 4-5 ml from their hearts and compared the amount of estradiol and progesterone in that blood using rat kits of Ausmausco Pharma with control group.Result Determining hormone level in blood of control group, estradiol is 4.73±0.45ng/l, progesterone is 2, 45±0,50ng/l. After a week pathologic cold stress was modeled in rats, estradiol is determined 3.93±0.70ng/l, progesterone is determined and after 2 weeks, estradiol is 4.0±0.53ng/l, progesterone is 1.97ng/l and after 3 weeks, estradiol is 3,8±0,63ng/l, progesterone is 1,94±0,09ng/l Birth weight of offspring from gravid rats with cold stress, was 1,6g (р=0,001) less than control group.Time to vaginal opening of offspring was 14 days later than control group. Determining hormone of control group offspring, estradiol is 4.53±0.51ng/l, progesterone is 2,39±0,40ng/l. Estradiol is 3.73±0,59.ng/l, progesterone is determined 1.97±0.07ng/l in offspring of gravid experiment rats.Conclusion: 1. When develop cold stress model, gravid rats had miscarriage and preterm delivery and born low birth-weight offspring in 16-22 days of experiment and this reveals that pathologic changes occurred in sexual hormonal regulation of 3 groups of non-gravid rats of experiment because of cold stress. 3. In offspring from gravid rats which had cold stress time of vaginal opening was lengthened and estradiol and progesterone level was decreased in offspring from gravid rats and

Health Science University of Mongolia has been using traditional teaching method which is originated from German Scandinavian learning and introduced by Russian to Mongolian medical science teaching. Generally, we have used traditional teaching method for long time but since 2000 multiple teaching methods are introduced. The purpose of this study was to compare Problem Based learning (PBL) and traditional teaching method for histology teaching class. The study involved 4groups’ students at their second semester of a laboratory based histology course at HSUM. There were 2 groups’ students in the Problem Based Learning group and same 2 groups’ students in the traditional group. Overall, results of this study suggest that Problem Based Learningapproach has positive influence on students’ achievement in masteringtheoretical knowledge about histology learning for these particular groups of students. Implication of the results suggests that traditional and Problem Based Learningmethod combination can be more effect