Interleukin (IL)-33, as a core alarmin of the IL-1 family, binds to its specific receptor suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) to form the IL-33/ST2 axis, which exhibits dual immunoregulatory effects in various common parasitic infections. This article reviews the triple regulatory mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis: activating the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway to induce helper T cell (Th) type 2 cytokine secretion; driving macrophage M2 polarization; and regulating the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. The aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of the bidirectional immunoregulatory role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in five common parasitic infections and to provide a theoretical basis for developing specific treatment strategies.

Interleukin (IL)-33, as a core alarmin of the IL-1 family, binds to its specific receptor suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) to form the IL-33/ST2 axis, which exhibits dual immunoregulatory effects in various common parasitic infections. This article reviews the triple regulatory mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis: activating the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway to induce helper T cell (Th) type 2 cytokine secretion; driving macrophage M2 polarization; and regulating the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. The aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of the bidirectional immunoregulatory role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in five common parasitic infections and to provide a theoretical basis for developing specific treatment strategies.