Background: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Goal: Based on the ancient medical literature of traditional medicine, identify the underlying diseases that cause insomnia and compare their symptoms. Materials and Methods: We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison methods.
The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences at its meeting on June 24, 2025 (No. 04), and ethical clearance was granted for the conduct of this study. Results: The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like ”sleeplessness”, ”reduced sleep” and ”light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the underlying disease of insomnia:
1. Insomnia caused by diseases resulting from Wind include Wind delirium, palpitations, bone marrow Wind, heart Wind, lung Wind, Wind-induced diabetes, Wind tsbs.
2. Insomnia caused by diseases resulting from Bile include heat Bile, heart Bile, liver sdembu, deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat.
3. Other diseases include mugpo spreads to the heart, heart chuser, trichomoniasis and childhood evil spirit disease.
We also compared the symptoms of the underlying diseases that cause insomnia and listed their similarities and differences. Conclusion The underlying etiologies of insomnia were categorized into Wind, Bile, Mugpo, yellow fluid, parasitic and evil spirit disorders. Accordingly, effective management of insomnia requires differentiation based on the primary disease and an individualized treatment approach that integrates both etiological and symptomatic therapies.

Introduction: In traditional medicine, theories concerning the causes of disease have historically developed in close association with Buddhist philosophical thought. This interrelationship is consistently reflected in the works of prominent physicians and scholars from India, Tibet, and Mongolia. Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj by Undur Gegeen Zanabazar presents disease causation through symbolic and narrative expressions. A comparative examination of this work alongside classical medical treatises provides a conceptual framework for understanding the integration of philosophical doctrine and medical theory. Goal: The objective of this study is to comparatively examine the concept of disease causation articulated in Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj and the explanations presented in the classical texts Four Medical Tantras and Altan Khadmal. Materials and Methods: The primary materials for this study consist of Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj by Undur Gegeen Zanabazar and foundational classical texts of traditional medicine. The research employs an integrated methodological approach combining source criticism, hermeneutic analysis, comparative methods, and analysis–synthesis. Key terms, semantic meanings, and symbolic narratives within the selected sources were systematically analyzed and compared. Results The results demonstrate that the symbolic depictions of ignorance, anger, and desire in Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj are conceptually consistent with the theory of distant (root) causes of disease as described in classical traditional medical texts. While classical medical texts articulate disease causation through structured philosophical and logical frameworks, the narrative form of the tuuj conveys equivalent theoretical content through imagery and symbolism, thereby enhancing conceptual accessibility.
These findings suggest that Undur Gegeen Zanabazar’s teachings constitute a comprehensive intellectual system integrating Buddhist philosophy, religious doctrine, and the theoretical foundations of traditional medicine. Symbolic narrative thus emerges as a coherent and effective mode for transmitting medical knowledge within the broader traditional epistemological context.

Introduction: Traditional medicine of Mongolia, which is one of the intellectual and physical cultural heritage to Mongols, has been developing a knowledge-based traditional medicine system by intensifying the policy of training traditional medicine personnel with an optimal combination of evidence-based analysis, training and retraining of doctors.
Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir (1704-1788), a well-known scholar of tradition, wrote in details about the causes and conditions of cold and hot crisis reactions, based on his own medical experiences. In addition, there are many examples of how Mongolian doctors adapted the treatment methods used in Indian and Tibetan medicines to treat their people making some changes to the medical herbs for extreme climate conditions.
We have chosen this topic for further studies and learn about additional facts from the scripture “The Spring Wedding” written by Sumbe Archbishop Ishbaljir for more public uses. Methods:
1. Source research
2. Culture and anthropology
3. Analysis synthesis Conclusion “Rashaani khurim” consist of five chapters. First chapter: The 6 main disease. They are wind, bile, phlegm, blood, serious fluid and bacteria. Second chapter: Fever, cold disease, vomiting, diarrhea, small pox, abdominal craps, bacteria, defect of fever and cold, combine wind with fever, disagree fever to cold are most important 10 disease. Third chapter: 70 disorders are caused by internal conditions. Male and female genital disorder, pediatric disorders and geriatrics. Fourth chapter: 19 disorders are caused by external conditions and trauma. Fifth chapter: There became 12 diseases classified by age and sex. The last 3 chapters classified to 101 disorders.

Introduction: The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. Goal: We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament. Results: Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively.
Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. Conclusion There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals.
Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.