Introduction: In traditional medicine, theories concerning the causes of disease have historically developed in close association with Buddhist philosophical thought. This interrelationship is consistently reflected in the works of prominent physicians and scholars from India, Tibet, and Mongolia. Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj by Undur Gegeen Zanabazar presents disease causation through symbolic and narrative expressions. A comparative examination of this work alongside classical medical treatises provides a conceptual framework for understanding the integration of philosophical doctrine and medical theory. Goal: The objective of this study is to comparatively examine the concept of disease causation articulated in Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj and the explanations presented in the classical texts Four Medical Tantras and Altan Khadmal. Materials and Methods: The primary materials for this study consist of Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj by Undur Gegeen Zanabazar and foundational classical texts of traditional medicine. The research employs an integrated methodological approach combining source criticism, hermeneutic analysis, comparative methods, and analysis–synthesis. Key terms, semantic meanings, and symbolic narratives within the selected sources were systematically analyzed and compared. Results The results demonstrate that the symbolic depictions of ignorance, anger, and desire in Öösöö törsön ukhaan nert khanii tuuj are conceptually consistent with the theory of distant (root) causes of disease as described in classical traditional medical texts. While classical medical texts articulate disease causation through structured philosophical and logical frameworks, the narrative form of the tuuj conveys equivalent theoretical content through imagery and symbolism, thereby enhancing conceptual accessibility.
These findings suggest that Undur Gegeen Zanabazar’s teachings constitute a comprehensive intellectual system integrating Buddhist philosophy, religious doctrine, and the theoretical foundations of traditional medicine. Symbolic narrative thus emerges as a coherent and effective mode for transmitting medical knowledge within the broader traditional epistemological context.

Introduction: Traditional medicine of Mongolia, which is one of the intellectual and physical cultural heritage to Mongols, has been developing a knowledge-based traditional medicine system by intensifying the policy of training traditional medicine personnel with an optimal combination of evidence-based analysis, training and retraining of doctors.
Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir (1704-1788), a well-known scholar of tradition, wrote in details about the causes and conditions of cold and hot crisis reactions, based on his own medical experiences. In addition, there are many examples of how Mongolian doctors adapted the treatment methods used in Indian and Tibetan medicines to treat their people making some changes to the medical herbs for extreme climate conditions.
We have chosen this topic for further studies and learn about additional facts from the scripture “The Spring Wedding” written by Sumbe Archbishop Ishbaljir for more public uses. Methods:
1. Source research
2. Culture and anthropology
3. Analysis synthesis Conclusion “Rashaani khurim” consist of five chapters. First chapter: The 6 main disease. They are wind, bile, phlegm, blood, serious fluid and bacteria. Second chapter: Fever, cold disease, vomiting, diarrhea, small pox, abdominal craps, bacteria, defect of fever and cold, combine wind with fever, disagree fever to cold are most important 10 disease. Third chapter: 70 disorders are caused by internal conditions. Male and female genital disorder, pediatric disorders and geriatrics. Fourth chapter: 19 disorders are caused by external conditions and trauma. Fifth chapter: There became 12 diseases classified by age and sex. The last 3 chapters classified to 101 disorders.

Background: Starting in 2019, the project "To compile and publish 108 volumes of traditional medicine, to protect the heritage of the ancient medical sources, and to open up its commercial opportunities for use" has been implemented.
As a result of this project, 50 volumes of books were published, including books created by Mongolian ancient doctors and maarambas, translated medical books from Chinese, Manchu, and Tibetan, as well as some books written by traditional medicine researchers and scientists between 1990-2020, have been published and made available to the public. During the creation of 108 volumes of traditional medicine, dozens of ancient medical scriptures were newly discovered. Among them, we have found medicinal books written by Indian and Tibetan scholars and monks from the 8th and 13th centuries. One of them is The Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje's sutra, "The Ocean of Medicinal Names." Therefore, it is imperative that we first study the biography and works of The Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje. Purpose: Clarifying the biography and works of The Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje, the author of the book "The Ocean of Medicinal Names". Research methods: Research of source documents (ancient sources), hermeneulic approach, analysis, and synthesis methods were used. Conclusion
1. The Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje, who lived between 1284 and 1339, was a prominent Tibetan religious and cultural figure, a famous author of many books who contributed to strengthening the foreign relations between Mongolia and Tibet and increasing the influence of the Garmaa Gaajud tradition in Yuan Dynasty.
2. Although Karmapa. Rangjung Dorje lived at the end of the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, he was a well-known, active and creative monk. Therefore, his image has been left in many paintings and cast as God's image. In particular, he wrote an interesting book about medicinal raw materials called "The Ocean of Medicinal Names," which has only a few pages but briefly contains the names and potencies of 768 medicinal raw materials.

Introduction: The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. Goal: We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament. Results: Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively.
Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. Conclusion There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals.
Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.

BackgroundAt smoking except of current person the non-smoked people of that environment are suffering much the effect of which would be considered to as “passive smoking”. In result of smoking in offices, bar and nightclub, gers and apartments the air of current internal environment would be contaminated through toxic and cancer originating combinations. In regard of our country, Mongolia has entered into the International anti-tobacco convention and there are in progress certain arrangements toward reduction of smoking, study of its negative effects and smoking habit. Unfortunately there is deficit of researches determining the content of tobacco nicotine in offices and public places, form one hand. From other hand there is lack of scientific arguments and facts proving negarive effects of passive smoking and its influences upon environment, people and children. Therefore, we have conducted present research work.GoalThe main objectives this study were to assess secondhand smoke exposure in bar employees and determine air and hair nicotine concentrations.Materials and MethodsWe have carried out present research work according to instant method by involving 10 bars and entertainments and placing 2 air monitors in each bar. There were involved 5 persons from current places, questioned and taken hair samples of 50 employees. At determining nicotine content of air and hair we have used the method of gas chromatography.ResultsTheir average age was 22.3. As we have taken sample in 10 bars and entertainments of Ulaanbaatar city the average content of nicotine counted 14.78 μg/mg. It is 2-3 times more than other countries. The nicotine content in hair of smoking staff is at average 18.06 μg/mg and in hair of non-smoking staff at average 4.24 μg/mg. The more are business hours, the much increases the content of nicotine in hair.Conclusions:This study found very high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke in bars and nightclubs from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Of high concern, time weighted air nicotine concentrations measured in this study were markedly higher than concentrations measured in bars and nightclubs from several African, American, Asian and European countries. Implementing a comprehensive smoke-free legislation that protects workers and customers from exposure to secondhand smoke is urgently needed in Mongolia.