Background: Recent meta-analyses have consistently demonstrated a relationship between migraine and stroke, which is well-defined for ischemic stroke and migraine with aura, is even stronger in females on oral contraceptives or smokers. However, there seems to be no clear-cut association between stroke in migraineurs and the common vascular risk factors, at least in the young adult population. Migraineurs also run an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke, while the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease remain poorly defined. Objective: The aim was to conduct a systematic review of published sources on the relationships between migraine and stroke in young people. Methods: The research sources were searched using keywords such as “Migraine”, “Headache”, “Migraine-infarct”, “Vascular risk factors”, “Silent stroke”, “Leukoaraiosis”, “Patent foramen ovale”, “Dissection”, “hereditary vascular disease” from the works published in international platforms such as Cochrane Library, Datebase, Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and relevant information and data were selected from the collected sources and a review article was developed. Results: It has been demonstrated that there is an increased frequency of ischemic lesions in the white matter of migraineurs, especially silent infarcts in the anterior and posterior circulation territories in patients with at least 10 attacks per month. Although there is a higher prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in migraineurs, the relationship between migraine and PFO remains controversial and PFO closure is not a recommended procedure to prevent migraine. As an increased frequency of cervical artery dissections has been observed in migrainous patients, it has been hypothesized that migraine may represent a predisposing factor for cervical artery dissection. Conclusion Based on the research evidence, there is a clear relationship between symptomatic migraine (with aura) and silent brain infarction, so early detection and treatment of vascular risk factors are necessary in migraine patients.

Background: Watershed infarction is a distinct subtype of ischemic stroke occurring in the border zones between the terminal vascular territories of major cerebral arteries. Aim: To investigate the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of watershed infarction. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective cohort study included 200 patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Stroke Unit of the Third State Central Hospital between July 2025 and July 2026. Patients were classified into WI (n=53) and non-watershed infarction (NWI, n=147) groups based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and cerebral arterial territories. WI was further classified into cortical, internal, and combined subtypes, and their anatomical and morphological features were evaluated on DWI. Stroke etiology was classified using the TOAST criteria and neurological severity using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 14.2 (p<0.05). Result: Of 200 patients, 53 (26.5%) had WI and 147 (73.5%) had NWI. Mean NIHSS scores were lower in the WI than NWI group at admission (4.75±3.32 vs 9.71±5.08) and discharge (2.53±2.73 vs 6.90±4.93; both p<0.001). Among patients with WI, 40 (75.5%) had cortical, 7 (13.2%) internal, and 6 (11.3%) combined WI. Mean NIHSS scores for cortical, internal, and combined WI were 3.30±1.92, 10.14±2.34, and 8.17±2.79 at admission and 1.33±1.14, 7.43±2.57, and 4.83±2.79 at discharge, respectively (both p<0.001). On DWI, the MCA–PCA watershed territory was the most frequent location of cortical WI (47.5%), and 77.5% had a wedge-shaped component. Confluent distribution was observed in 57.1% of internal WI, while cigar-shaped morphology was present in 61.5% of cases with an internal watershed component. Etiology differed among WI subtypes (p=0.030), with all internal WI cases attributed to large-artery atherosclerosis. Conclusion Watershed infarction subtypes differed in clinical severity and etiological distribution, while MRI demonstrated distinct anatomical, distributional, and morphological characteristics of cortical and internal watershed infarctions.

Background: Sleep quality is frequently highlighted in the literature as a key factor for overall health. Poor sleep quality significantly affects both physical and mental health, diminishing quality of life and potentially harming personal finances. While this issue is influenced by various risk factors, no well-studied research has been conducted on it in Mongolia. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of poor sleep quality among visitors to the Sleep center in Mongolia and to identify the factors associated with poor sleep quality. Materials and Methods: This study, conducted using a cross-sectional design, included 200 participants aged 18 to 65 years who visited the Sleep Center at the General Hospital for State Special Servants between January and May 2024. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed using the Mongolian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, with a global score above 6 indicating poor sleep. Participants were divided into two groups: “Good sleepers” (n=105) and “Poor sleepers” (n=95). Socio-demographic and clinical variables such as age, sex, levels of education were also recorded. The level of depression, anxiety, and stress was assessed using the DASS 21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) criteria. Univariate analysis was performed using the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data, the Х2 or Fishers’s exact test for categorical data, and logistic regression for multivariable analysis. A P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Poor sleep quality, indicated by a PSQI global score above 6, was observed in 52.5% of the total participants. Univariate analtysis’s test results showed that age, being female, having depression, anxiety, BMI ≥ 25, alcoholism, comorbidities, and using concomitant medications were significantly associated with poor sleep quality (all p<0.05). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, 50 < age (OR 3.133, 95% CI, 1.245-7.884, p<0.05), BMI ≥ 25 (OR 2.084, 1.039-4.179, p<0.05), alcoholism (OR 3.018, 95% CI, 1.495-6.093, p<0.01) and depression (OR 15.957, 95% CI, 1.592-159.922, p<0.05) were identified as significant risk factors for poor sleep quality. Depression and alcoholism were associated with longer sleep latency and decreased daytime activity (p<0.05). Conclusions 1. In our study, more than half of the participants experienced poor sleep quality. 2. Age over fifty, depression, BMI ≥ 25, and alcoholism emerged as independent significant risk factors for sleep disturbance. Alterations in sleep latency, sleep disruption, and impaired daytime functioning may be associated with poor sleep quality.

Background: The annual incidence of stroke in different regions of the world ranges from 100 to 336 per 100,000 pop ulation, and mortality ranges from 36 to 136, and in Mongolia there are 220 new cases of stroke per 100,000 people and 113 deaths annually, making it one of the countries with the high stroke incidence rate. Aim: To conduct a systematic review of published sources on the epidemiology, causes, and risk factors of ischemic stroke in young people. Materials and Methods: The research sources were searched using keywords such as “Stroke”, “Definition”, “Epidemi ology”, “Etiology”, “Risk factors”, “Young Adult”, “Ischemia”, “Hemorrhage”, “Silent stroke” from the works published in international platforms such as Cochrane Library, Datebase, Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and relevant information and data were selected from the collected sources and a review article was developed. Results: According to the WHO MONICA project report, stroke incidence was reported in 16 countries, with 101–285 men and 47–198 women per 100,000 people aged 35–64 years, while in the United States it was 113.8 per 100,000 people under 55 years, of which 73.1 were cerebral infarctions per 100,000 people, and more than 10 percent were under 55 years. A recent study in Mongolia found that 21–26% of stroke patients were young people (20-50 year old), compared with 10–13% in Western countries. Among the traditional causes and risk factors for stroke in young people, arterial hypertension accounts for 45-60%, smoking 40-60%, alcoholism 40-50%, heart disease 18-30%, dyslipidemia 30%, diabetes 13%, obesity 7-36%; among the specific risk factors, migraine accounts for 10-35%, taking hormonal contraceptives 10-22%, vasculitis 6-10%, blood clotting disorders 2-10%, vascular dissection 6-40%. According to the TOAST classification, large vessel disease accounts for 16-17%, small vessel occlusion 14-15%, cardiac embolism 19-20%, other determined etiologies 22-23% and undetermined 26-27%. Conclusion Epidemiological indicators of stroke vary significantly depending on the level of development of the country, geographical characteristics of the region, lifestyle, age, and gender (stroke incidence rate range: 100–336 per 100,000 population; mortality: 36–136 per 100,000 population). Mongolia is among the countries with high rates of stroke incidence and mortality (incidence rate 220 per 100 000, mortality 113 per 100 000 population). While stroke among young people accounts for 10–13% of all cases in Western countries, this figure reaches 21–26% in Mongolia, which is explained by a combination of traditional and specific risk factors. As stroke is becoming more common among younger populations, it is essential to study its causes and risk factors in detail and to intensify efforts in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Background: The frequency of cerebral infarction and stenosis of intra- and extracranial arteries may be vary with age-group and gender. Objective: This study was conducted to clarify the risk factors and characteristics of cerebral infarction and stenosis of vessels in Mongolian young adults. Methods: This was a prospective study, from October 2015 to July 2020, of 100 patients below 50 years diagnosed with acute cerebral infarction. Patient characteristics were compared according to sex (61 males and 39 females) and age group (29 patients were below 34 years and 71 patients were 35–49 years). Characteristics of acute cerebral infarction were studied by DWI-diffusion weighted MRI imaging. Stenosis of intra- and extracranial arteries was diagnosed by duplex sonography, head and cervical magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Results: Leading causes for cerebral infarction in the young patients were hypertension (71%), smoking (57%), dyslipidemia (45%), diabetes (33%), and migraine with aura (25%). Lacunar Infarction was most common in our patients (33%). Partial anterior circulation infarction was predominant in males (45.9% vs 38.5%; P<0.05) and posterior circulation infarction in females (23.1% vs 11.5 %; P<0.05). Small artery atherosclerosis was found in 33% cases, with higher prevalence in patients of the 35–49 years age-group. Intracranial stenosis was more common than extracranial stenosis, and middle cerebral artery stenosis was most prevalent (38.9%). Stenosis in the anterior circulation was more frequent than in the posterior circulation (P<0.001). Conclusions In these young patients, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and migraine with aura were common risk factors. Intracranial stenosis was most common, particularly in the middle cerebral artery.

Stroke is a major healthcare problem ranking as the second leading cause of death and the first cause of disability in the world. The stroke incidence in the world varied from 100 to 336 per 100.000 people per year. In different world regions the incidence of stroke ranges between 134.9 to 336.3 new cases per 100.000 inhabitants and the annual frequency of deaths within 36.7 to 136.7 per 100.000 events, while the frequency of stroke and mortality in Mongolia is within the upper limits of the above mentioned indicators. A recent report of the WHO MONICA Project documented that stroke incidence ranged between 101-285 in males and 47-198 in females per 100,000 people aged 35 to 64 years in 16 countries involved in this study. In the United States the average annual incidence rates of all strokes under the age of 55 years was 113.8 per 100,000, while that for cerebral infarction was 73.1 per 100,000. More than 10% of patients with cerebral infarction were 55 years or younger. Almost two thirds of the global burden of stroke is borne by those in developing countries. Recent study in Mongolia showed that young adults account for 21%-26% of all stroke patients as opposed to 10%-13% Western countries. In this review we sought to discuss the tissue-based definitions, epidemiological trends, risk factors, and specific causes associated with stroke in the young.

Background: Acute respiratory viral infection caused by human new coronavirus that was reported in last December of 2019, is becoming the most serious issue worldwide. During human coronavirus infection, upper and lower respiratory symptoms are common. However, other systemic symptoms, especially neurological signs were reported previously. It is further noted that sometimes the neurological manifestations can precede the typical features like fever and cough and later on typical manifestations develop in these patients. Purpose: to analyze information of neurological manifestations related to COVID-19 disease and possible way of affection of nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Material and Methods: We searched Medline, PubMed, Central and Google Scholar, Web of Science for related published articles and case reports, using keywords such as “COVID-19”, “Coronavirus”, “pandemic”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Neurological manifestations”; “Complications”; “Clinical characteristics”. There were found and considered few articles of clinical characteristics and case series reports related to COVID-19 with neurological manifestations and complications, also articles of SARS-CoV-2 virus affection to nervous system. Results Neurological manifestations including headache, dizziness, myalgia, confusion, and hyposmia were observed during COVID-19 in 6-36.4% cases. A few cases with COVID-19 showed more severe symptoms such as stroke, polyneuropathy, encephalopathy, myelitis and acute necrotizing encephalitis. SARS-CoV-2 viral infection pathway may be two different ways, namely, a) binding ACE-2 receptor on capillary endothelium and causing inflammation where then can cross blood-brain barrier and to emerge brain tissue damage; b) entering via nasal epithelium where the bipolar cells locate, from there directs to central nervous system to cause neuronal injury through olfactory bulb.
Conclusion: neurological manifestations are relatively common in COVID-19, however, there is lack of evidence-based study. There may have two possible pathways of SARS-CoV-2 to affect nervous system, but is required necessary further elaborately study

Background: Data from yearly statistical reports on morbidity and mortality in Mongolia show that young adults account for approximately 20-26% of all stroke patients as opposed to 10-13% in Western countries. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of ischemic stroke between young (20-49 years) and old (50-79 years) patients undergoing investigations and treatment according to one common protocol in a tertiary hospital. Material and Methods: This hospital based prospective study included 110 young and 130 old patients with acute ischemic stroke. Data regarding the etiology of the stroke, diagnostic neuroimaging test results and degree of functional improvement of patients were examined during their observation. Results: The frequency of ischemic stroke at the age of 20-49 years grows from 9.6% to 24.2% and is predominant in the male sex (17.1%), which indicates a young stroke in mongolians is not uncommon. Young adults with ischemic stroke frequently bear both traditional and specific vascular risk factorsthan elderly people (p<0.05). The most common TOAST subtype in the young and old groups was undetermined (26.4% vs.12.3%; p=0.004), other determined cause (22.7% vs. 6.9%; p<0.001), and cardioembolism (20.0% vs. 22.3%) followed by Large-artery atherosclerosis (17.3% vs. 26.2%) and small vessel occlusion (15.6% vs. 33.8%; p<0.001). Partial anterior circulation infarcts were more common among young patients (p<0.001), than in posterior circulation infarcts. Silent brain infarcts and leukoaraiosis are not uncommon brain imaging findings (<0.05) in hypertensive and migraineur patients and should not be overlooked due to their potential prognostic relevance. Outcomes in young adults with hemispheric ischemic stroke can safely be improved with Low- molecular-weight-heparin therapy (OR 1.58; 95% CI, 0.99-2.51; p=0.001).
There were large differences between two groups concerning the 6-month outcome which showed beneficial effect for young stroke patients (mRS:89.1% vs. 66.9%, p=0.002; BI: 84.2% vs.73.1%). Conclusion There are significant differences between young and old patients with ischemic stroke regarding to risk factors, etiological subtypes and improvement of functional deficits associated with the stroke. However, severity of stroke on admittance is similar but six weeks outcome is different among young and old patients with relatively rapid improvement of functional deficit in young stroke patients than old one (mRS: 89.1% vs. 66.9%, p=0.002; BI: 84.2% vs.73.1%).

Background: Migraine is a chronic and recurrent vascular headache, and is one of the most common diseases in the general population. Evidence suggests that migraine is associated with an increased risk of silent infarct lesions and high signal intensities observed at the time of performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Objectives: To determine the frequency of hyperintense foci in migraine patients and the relationship with migraine headache characteristics and cerebrovascular risk factors. Material and Methods: Eighty patients with migraine headache (31 with aura and 49 without aura) were enrolled and interviewed. Twenty headache-free individuals of the same age range were used as controls. Information of patients with migraine, on their headache characteristics (severity, frequency, and mean disease duration) and other related data was obtained by completing a clinical checklist. Subsequently, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in the study and control groups, and each patient was then evaluated for hyperintense lesions. Results: Of the 80 patients with migraine, 26 (32.5%) had silent hyperintense infarct lesions on MRI scan while the age-matched control group (n=20) did not found such abnormalities (32.5% vs 0%). The mean age of the patients with hyperintense foci was 38.9 years while those with no lesions was 31.3 years (p<0.001). Amongst the 65 hyperintense lesions detected in this study, both side supratentorial foci represented in 61.5% patients (n=40) in the whole brain, while 38.5% of the lesions (n=25) were found in subtentorial white matter. Cerebrovascular risk factors such as serum cholesterol, oral contraceptive use, and body mass index (BMI) were not significantly different in these two age groups (p>0.05). The lesions were found significantly more frequently in the female patients who experienced chronic migraine with aura and smoking (p=0.05). Conclusion Our study shows that disease duration has a key role in the formation of hyperintense brain lesions. Certain cerebrovascular risk factors such as serum cholesterol, oral contraceptive use and BMI, do not affect the presence or absence of such lesions, suggesting that the relationship between migraine and these lesions may be directly due to the effects of migraine itself.

Background Ischemic stroke or cerebral infarction in young adults (20-50 years) is relatively frequent, accounting for more than 10%-26% of all first strokes and its incidence rises steeply with age. Causes of “Young stroke” are heterogeneous and while it generally has a good prognosis, it has a significant socioeconomic impact, including functional deficits and financial costs. The most frequent causes of cerebral infarction in young adults are cardio-embolism, hypertension, premature atherosclerosis, migraine, smoking and hypercoagulable states. Objective The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of cerebral infarction between young (20-49 years) and old (50-89 years) patients undergoing investigations and treatment according to one common protocol in the tertiary hospital. Methods This Descriptive case series study was conducted in Department of Neurology of First State Central Hospital from October 2014 to July 2016. During this study, we observed 220 patients with first-onset of cerebral infarction from which 90 young patients (under 50 years) and 130 old one (above 50 years), based on prospective study. Data regarding the etiology and risk factors of the stroke, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic test results of patients were examined during their hospital treatment as well as a NIHSS, modified Rankin Scale scores, and Barthel Index at admission and discharge, also at 21 day. Stroke subtyping was conducted in accordance with the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Results In total, 220 patients with cerebral infarction were included, from which 90 (40.9%) were 20-50 years and 130 (59.1%) were 50-89 years. The proportion of males was higher among both groups: 61.1% vs. 70.0%. Common causes for cerebral infarction in the young patients were current smoking (53.3.1% vs. 37.8%), long-term alcohol consumption (51.1 vs. 12.3), cardiac embolism (36.0% vs. 16.2%), migraine with aura (25.5% vs. 12.2%), infective diseases (15.6% vs. 0.8%), and oral contraceptive use (14.4 vs. 0%). Leading causes for ischemic stroke in old patients were the conventional risk factors such as hypertension (75.4% vs. 38.9%), atherosclerosis (66.9% vs. 31.1), coronary artery disease (24.3% vs. 12%), and diabetes mellitus (26.9% vs. 6.7%). Most of the young stroke patients demonstrated good functional outcomes, at the time of discharge (71.1% vs. 60%) and three weeks (86.6% vs. 66.2%) patients had Rankin Scale scores in the range of 0-2. Conclusions There are significant differences between young and old patients with cerebral infarction regarding to risk factors, etiological subtypes and improvement of functional deficits associated with the stroke. However, severity of stroke on admittance is similar but three weeks outcome is different among young and old patients with relatively rapid improvement of functional deficit in young stroke patients than old one.