The spread of tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB, has strongly motivated the research and development of new anti-TB drugs. New strategies to facilitate drug combinations, including pharmacokinetics-guided dose optimization and toxicology studies of first- and second-line anti-TB drugs have also been introduced and recommended. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has arguably become the gold standard in the analysis of both endo- and exo-genous compounds. This technique has been applied successfully not only for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) but also for pharmacometabolomics analysis. TDM improves the effectiveness of treatment, reduces adverse drug reactions, and the likelihood of drug resistance development in TB patients by determining dosage regimens that produce concentrations within the therapeutic target window. Based on TDM, the dose would be optimized individually to achieve favorable outcomes. Pharmacometabolomics is essential in generating and validating hypotheses regarding the metabolism of anti-TB drugs, aiding in the discovery of potential biomarkers for TB diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and outcome evaluation. This article highlighted the current progresses in TDM of anti-TB drugs based on LC-MS bioassay in the last two decades. Besides, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of this technique in practical use. The pressing need for non-invasive sampling approaches and stability studies of anti-TB drugs was highlighted. Lastly, we provided perspectives on the prospects of combining LC-MS-based TDM and pharmacometabolomics with other advanced strategies (pharmacometrics, drug and vaccine developments, machine learning/artificial intelligence, among others) to encapsulate in an all-inclusive approach to improve treatment outcomes of TB patients.

The optimal condition for Moringa oleifera root barks extraction was determined using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken Design. The actual optimal condition of the factors was 65 o C, ethanol 60%, 40 (mL/g) liquid-to-solid ratio with 240 minutes extraction time. The enrichment of phenolic compounds sharply affected the antioxidant, and inhibitions of α-amylase enzyme, as well as, the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract from M. oleifera root barks. The extract in the optimal condition exhibited better 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibitory activities than those of positive controls.Also, the extract showed weak hydroxyl free radical scavenging and nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effects. These revealed a simple and promising method for the preparation of bioactive products from the root bark of M. oleifera.

Endophytic fungi are promising sources for the production of podophyllotoxin-an important anticancer compound, replacing depleted medical plants. In this study, the endophytes associated with Dysosma difformis-an ethnomedicinal plant species were isolated to explore novel sources of podophyllotoxin. Fifty-three endophytic fungi were isolated and identified by morphological observation and ITS-based rDNA sequencing, assigning them to 27 genera in 3 divisions. Fusarium was found the most prevalent genus with a colonization frequency of 11.11%, followed by Trametes (9.26%) and Penicillium (7.41%). Phylogenetic trees were constructed for the endophytic fungi community in two collection sites, Ha Giang and Lai Chau, revealing the adaptation of the species to the specific tissues and habitats. Cytotoxic activity of endophytic fungal extracts was investigated on cancer cell lines such as SK-LU-1, HL-60, and HepG2, demonstrating strong anti-cancer activity of six isolates belonging to Penicillium, Trametes, Purpureocillium, Aspergillus, and Ganoderma with IC 50 value of lower than 10 10 µg/mL. The presence of podophyllotoxin was indicated in Penicillium, Trametes, Aspergillus and for the first time in Purpureocillium and Ganoderma via high-performance liquid chromatography, which implied them as a potential source of this anticancer compound.

The study involved 197 non-AIDS patients with HIV infection treated in the Infectious Department of Dong Da Hospital, Ha Noi City showed that clinical features were poor. The common symptoms were enlarge nodules (28.4%), itching (8.6%), diarrhea lasted more than 1 month (8.1%), oral-throat candida infection (7.6%), recurrence of zona (6.6%). Habitus and working ability of patients were less affected. Most of hematological and bio-chemical test findings of patients in nomal range, except decreasing haemoglobin in 48.7% patients. Immune response was disordered. This opposited to poor clinical symptoms of disease. The number of TCD4 reduced lightly and moderately in 65% patients, the number of TCD8 increased in 78.7% patients and TCD4/TCD8 ratio reduced in 98% patients
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Diagnosis

A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 29 patients with AIDS before death at Dong Da hospital. Two common opportunity infections were tuberculosis (44.8%), Candida infections (10.4%). There was a rather high rate of patient died in condition of fever, diarrhea, weight loss (24.1%) or unknown reason pneumonia (10.4%). Tests indicated several hematological, biochemical and immune disorders: hematocrite level reduced in 100% patients, SGOT increased in 44% patients, SGPT increase in 32% patients, the number of TCD4 reduce under 200 TB/mm3 in 96.6% patients
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Diagnosis ; Death

In 275 patients with HIV/AIDS in Hanoi, the reduce of TCD4 count was studied. The patients whose TCD4 count reduced seriously, the incidence of occupational infection increased, AIDS incidence enhanced while body mass index and Karnofsky mark decreased, red blood count, hemoglobine level, platelet count, number of TCD8, TCD3, TCD4/TCD8 ratio, TCD4/TCD3 ratio reduced while creatinine concentration, SGOT levels, SGPT level, total bilirubine and TCd8/TCD3 ratio enhanced
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Diseases