Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)are employed as disinfectants due to their extensive antimi-crobial properties,but their biosafety in the livestock industry has not been comprehensively as-sessed.In this study,16 Black-skin Red-crowned chickens aged 32 weeks were randomly divided in-to four groups and sprayed with AgNP solution at the concentration of 0,0.064,0.128 or 0.256 g/L,respectively,every 72 h in their coops for 30 d.The effects of AgNPs as the disinfectant on lung tissue in chicken were investigated through calculation of organ coefficients,observation of lung tissue sections,analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,measurement of inflammatory factors,de-tection of silver residue in lung tissue,and exploration of signaling pathways in pulmonary fibrosis.The results indicated that chickens in the 0.128 and 0.256 g/L AgNPs treatment groups showed the blurred pulmonary lobule boundaries,the destroyed alveolar structure,and the significant in-crease in pulmonary fibrosis.These pathological changes were accompanied by the decrease in lung organ coefficient,the reduced SP-C content,the increased total protein concentration in lavage flu-id,and the elevated LDH and silver content in lung tissue.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the 0.128 and 0.256 g/L AgNPs treatment groups were significantly higher than the control group,which suggested that AgNPs exposure could induce the pulmonary inflammatory responses.High concentrations of AgNPs can trigger pulmonary tissue fibrosis,damaging the structure and func-tions of lungs.The relative mRNA expression levels of NF-κB in all AgNPs treatment groups,TGF-β in the 0.128 g/L AgNPs treatment group,and Smad3 in the 0.128 and 0.256 g/L AgNPs treatment groups were significantly higher than these in the control group,respectively.Spraying chickens with 0.128 or 0.256 g/L AgNPs for disinfection led to pulmonary deposition of AgNPs,causing direct structural and functional damages to the lungs.It could also induce the chronic pul-monary inflammation through the NF-κB pathway and promote the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway to in-crease collagen synthesis,leading to pulmonary fibrosis.Therefore,the application of high concen-trations of AgNPs in livestock farming requires careful consideration of their potential biological safety issues.

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)are employed as disinfectants due to their extensive antimi-crobial properties,but their biosafety in the livestock industry has not been comprehensively as-sessed.In this study,16 Black-skin Red-crowned chickens aged 32 weeks were randomly divided in-to four groups and sprayed with AgNP solution at the concentration of 0,0.064,0.128 or 0.256 g/L,respectively,every 72 h in their coops for 30 d.The effects of AgNPs as the disinfectant on lung tissue in chicken were investigated through calculation of organ coefficients,observation of lung tissue sections,analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,measurement of inflammatory factors,de-tection of silver residue in lung tissue,and exploration of signaling pathways in pulmonary fibrosis.The results indicated that chickens in the 0.128 and 0.256 g/L AgNPs treatment groups showed the blurred pulmonary lobule boundaries,the destroyed alveolar structure,and the significant in-crease in pulmonary fibrosis.These pathological changes were accompanied by the decrease in lung organ coefficient,the reduced SP-C content,the increased total protein concentration in lavage flu-id,and the elevated LDH and silver content in lung tissue.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the 0.128 and 0.256 g/L AgNPs treatment groups were significantly higher than the control group,which suggested that AgNPs exposure could induce the pulmonary inflammatory responses.High concentrations of AgNPs can trigger pulmonary tissue fibrosis,damaging the structure and func-tions of lungs.The relative mRNA expression levels of NF-κB in all AgNPs treatment groups,TGF-β in the 0.128 g/L AgNPs treatment group,and Smad3 in the 0.128 and 0.256 g/L AgNPs treatment groups were significantly higher than these in the control group,respectively.Spraying chickens with 0.128 or 0.256 g/L AgNPs for disinfection led to pulmonary deposition of AgNPs,causing direct structural and functional damages to the lungs.It could also induce the chronic pul-monary inflammation through the NF-κB pathway and promote the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway to in-crease collagen synthesis,leading to pulmonary fibrosis.Therefore,the application of high concen-trations of AgNPs in livestock farming requires careful consideration of their potential biological safety issues.

Objective To explore the experiences of family caregivers in dealing with the care-resistance behaviors in elderly patients with dementia,to improve the quality of care for elderly patients with dementia,and to enhance the ability of family caregivers to cope with resistance behaviors.Methods Utilizing purposeful sampling,we conducted in-depth interviews with 16 family caregivers of elderly patients with dementia between February 2024 and May 2024.The participants were recruited from a tertiary-grade hospital and the surrounding community in Zhengzhou,Henan Province.The interview data were subjected to thematic analysis using the Colaizzi 7-step method.Results A total of 19 interviews were conducted in this study,with each caregiver being interviewed for 30-44 minutes.The total transcription was about 82,000 words,and 4 themes and 11 sub-themes were identified:the considerable physical and psychological burden(persistent negative emotions,gradually increasing physical burden),realization of self-worth(sense of filial responsibility,care benefit feeling),subjective adjustment of coping strategies(actively seeking external support,resorting to restrictions and protection,passively coping out of helplessness),and facing multiple coping challenges(difficulty in establishing effective communication,poor sleep quality,lack of caregiving skills,unmet diverse support needs).Conclusion Family caregivers experience a heavier burden of care and develop various negative emotions when dealing with resistance behaviors.Different caregivers gradually adapt and develop different coping strategies in the care process.However,there are still some coping dilemmas that need to be resolved.Healthcare professionals should pay timely attention to caregivers'experiences in dealing with resistance behaviors,correct their attitudes towards care-resistance behaviors,strengthen health education on managing care-resistance behaviors,and improve their ability to cope with care-resistance behaviors.

Mitochondria plays an important role in supplying energy, maintaining oocyte activation, and regulating calcium homeostasis in oocytes. Mitochondrial function is a key factor affecting oocyte quality. Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process of increasing the mass and number of mitochondria in cells to meet the energy demand. Increasing mitochondrial biogenesis can effectively improve the quality of oocytes. This article reviews the research progress of drugs that can increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

Mitochondria plays an important role in supplying energy, maintaining oocyte activation, and regulating calcium homeostasis in oocytes. Mitochondrial function is a key factor affecting oocyte quality. Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process of increasing the mass and number of mitochondria in cells to meet the energy demand. Increasing mitochondrial biogenesis can effectively improve the quality of oocytes. This article reviews the research progress of drugs that can increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

Objective To explore the experiences of family caregivers in dealing with the care-resistance behaviors in elderly patients with dementia,to improve the quality of care for elderly patients with dementia,and to enhance the ability of family caregivers to cope with resistance behaviors.Methods Utilizing purposeful sampling,we conducted in-depth interviews with 16 family caregivers of elderly patients with dementia between February 2024 and May 2024.The participants were recruited from a tertiary-grade hospital and the surrounding community in Zhengzhou,Henan Province.The interview data were subjected to thematic analysis using the Colaizzi 7-step method.Results A total of 19 interviews were conducted in this study,with each caregiver being interviewed for 30-44 minutes.The total transcription was about 82,000 words,and 4 themes and 11 sub-themes were identified:the considerable physical and psychological burden(persistent negative emotions,gradually increasing physical burden),realization of self-worth(sense of filial responsibility,care benefit feeling),subjective adjustment of coping strategies(actively seeking external support,resorting to restrictions and protection,passively coping out of helplessness),and facing multiple coping challenges(difficulty in establishing effective communication,poor sleep quality,lack of caregiving skills,unmet diverse support needs).Conclusion Family caregivers experience a heavier burden of care and develop various negative emotions when dealing with resistance behaviors.Different caregivers gradually adapt and develop different coping strategies in the care process.However,there are still some coping dilemmas that need to be resolved.Healthcare professionals should pay timely attention to caregivers'experiences in dealing with resistance behaviors,correct their attitudes towards care-resistance behaviors,strengthen health education on managing care-resistance behaviors,and improve their ability to cope with care-resistance behaviors.

Plastics are widely used in daily life. Due to poor management and disposal, about 80% of plastic wastes were buried in landfills and eventually became land and ocean waste, causing serious environmental pollution. Recycling plastics is a desirable approach, but not applicable for most of the plastic waste. Microbial degradation offers an environmentally friendly way to degrade the plastic wastes, and this review summarizes the potential microbes, enzymes, and the underpinning mechanisms for degrading six most commonly used plastics including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyurethane. The challenges and future perspectives on microbial degradation of plastics were proposed.
Biodegradation, Environmental ; Plastics ; Polyurethanes ; Recycling

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK) signaling pathway in regulating the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the substantia nigra (SN) of a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD).

METHODSC57BL/6N mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to establish an subacute PD model, and the behavioral changes of the mice were observed. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were employed to detect the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), NF-κB, iNOS and phosphorylated P38 (p-P38) in the midbrain before and after treatment with SB203580.

RESULTSCompared with the control mice, the PD mouse models presented with typical symptoms of PD and showed significantly increased number of p-P38-, NF-κB-, and iNOS-positive cells in the SN area (P<0.01) with significantly reduced number of TH-positive neurons (P<0.01). After SB203580 treatment, the number of p-P38-, NF-κB-, and iNOS-positive cells was reduced obviously (P<0.01) and the number of TH-positive neurons in the SN increased significantly in the PD model mice (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONP38 MAPK signaling pathway may play an important role in modulating NF-κB and iNOS expression in the SN in the early stage of MPTP-induced subacute PD, and SB203580 can inhibit P38 signaling pathway to protect the DA neurons in PD model mice.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Imidazoles ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; metabolism ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; metabolism ; Parkinson Disease ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Pyridines ; Substantia Nigra ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism