There is a large gap between production and demand of plant oil in China, which leads to the heavy reliance on imports. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) are two key enzymes responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol, thereby affecting the yield and quality of plant oil. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress in DGAT and PDAT in terms of their biological functions in plant oil synthesis, the molecular mechanisms of regulating plant lipid metabolism, growth, and development under stress, and their roles in driving oil synthesis under the background of synthetic biology. Furthermore, future research and application of DGAT and PDAT are prospected. This review aims to provide a basis for deeply understanding the molecular mechanism of plant oil synthesis and improving the quality and productivity of oil crops by the utilization of DGAT and PDAT genes.
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/physiology* ; Plant Oils/metabolism* ; Acyltransferases/metabolism* ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Triglycerides/biosynthesis*

Background Heavy metals may play an important role in environmental risk factors associated disorders of activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults. Objective To investigate the associations between plasma levels of six heavy metals (zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese, and copper) and ADL disorders in older adults. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2018 to 2019 among 1412 rural elderly people in Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The plasma metal concentrations were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and subsequently classified into three groups (T1-T3) based on tertiles, with the T1 group as the reference. The samples were assessed for ADL disorders using the ADL scale. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline model (RCS) were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the associations between heavy metals and the prevalence of reporting ADL disorders. Results The mean age of the study population was (68.52 ± 5.92) years, 825 (58.4%) female and 587 (41.6%) male. Of these, 372 (26.34%) subjects reported ADL disorders, and most of them were female (74.30%). The results of logistic regression showed that the participants in the cadmium T2 group (0.15-0.25 µg·L⁻¹) had a higher risk of ADL disorders compared to the T1 group (≤0.15 μg·L⁻¹) (OR=1.552, 95%CI: 1.086, 2.134). After stratification by sex, the relative risk of ADL disorders was lower in the plasma copper T3 group (>1019.58 µg·L⁻¹) compared to the T1 group (≤868.12 μg·L⁻¹) in men (OR=0.481, 95%CI: 0.232, 0.998). The relative risk of ADL disorders was higher in the plasma cadmium T2 group (0.15-0.25 µg·L⁻¹) compared to the T1 group (≤0.15 μg·L⁻¹) in women (OR=1.758, 95%CI: 1.182, 2.616). The RCS results showed that the risk of ADL disorders in men was nonlinearly associated with copper (P_nonlinear=0.011, P_overall<0.05). Conclusion High levels of cadmium are positively associated with the risk of reporting ADL disorders, while high levels of copper are negatively associated with the risk of reporting ADL disorders in men.

Objective　To understand the characteristics of cercariae and their shedding from Parafossarulus striatulus in Jiangxi Province, providing a scientific basis for the control of trematode cercariae. Methods From September to November 2023, P. striatulus snails were collected three times from a fish pond in Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province. Cercaria infection was identified by the cercarial shedding method. From 06:00 to 18:00 each day over two consecutive days, the number of released cercariae was recorded under constant temperature at an interval of 2 hours. Morphological characteristics of the cercariae were observed under the microscope. DNA from different cercariae was extracted, and internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) was amplified by PCR. The amplified products were sequenced, and the sequences were then compared by Blast. With Clonorchis sinensis as the outgroup, a phylogenetic tree based on the ITS2 gene sequence was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA 7.0 software to determine the species of escaped cercariae. Results A total of 1 982 P. striatulus snails were collected, with two species of cercariae emerging, showing an overall positive rate of 1.21% (24/1 982). Cercaria a was oval-shaped, with a blunt front end and slightly pointed rear end. No cercaria shedded from 8:00 to 12:00, and a small amount was released after noon. The shedding rate gradually increased after 16:00, reached a peak at 18:00, and gradually declined after 20:00. Cercaria b consisted of body and tail parts, with the tail longer than the body and bifurcated at the end, displaying movement in "man" or "Y" shapes. The shedding rate of cercaria b gradually increased between 08:00 and 12:00, peaked at 12:00, decreased gradually thereafter, and almost no cercariae emerged after 16:00, with no escape at night, possibly related to light exposure. Gene sequencing and sequence comparison showed that the ITS2 gene of cercaria a had the highest homology with Lecithodendrium linstowi, whereas cercaria b showed the highest homology with Holostephanus dubinini. Conclusions　P. striatulus snails in Jiangxi Province can be infected with different species of cercariae, which display significant differences in the biological characteristics and shedding pattern. Molecular analysis shows that cercaria a may belong to the genus of Lecithodendrium, and cercaria b may be H.dubinini. Understanding the biological characteristics of cercariae could be valuable for implementing corresponding control measures for different species of trematodes.

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the independent risk factors of complicated appendicitis(CA)in children under five years old and establish a clinical prediction model, and to evaluate the clinical application of this model.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on children under five years old who underwent appendectomy at Children′s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2021.The children were divided into CA group and uncomplicated appendicitis group according to whether there was sign of perforation or gangrene in appendiceal tissue after operation.The differences in clinical features and preoperative laboratory test results between two groups were compared.The independent risk factors of CA were identified and a clinical prediction model was established.The clinical prediction model was verified by receiver operating characteristic curve.Results:A total of 140 children were enrolled in this study, including 84 cases in the CA group and 56 cases in uncomplicated appendicitis group.Univariate and binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of symptoms>23.5 h( OR=6.650, 95% CI 2.469-17.912, P<0.05), abdominal muscle tension( OR=3.082, 95% CI 1.190-7.979, P<0.05) and C-reactive protein>41 mg/L ( OR=3.287, 95% CI 1.274-8.480, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for CA( P<0.05). The clinical prediction model of CA was constructed by the above mentioned three independent risk factors.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the clinical prediction model was 0.881(95% CI 0.825-0.936), the sensitivity was 77.4%, the specificity was 87.5%, the positive predictive value was 91.3% and the negative predictive value was 70.0%. Conclusion:Acute appendicitis in children under five years old is more likely to progress to CA if the duration of symptoms>23.5 h, the level of C-reactive protein is increased, and the abdominal muscle tension is accompanied.The clinical prediction model of CA constructed by common clinical information in pediatric clinics has good prediction efficiency, which provides a simple and feasible reference method for clinicians to distinguish CA from uncomplicated appendicitis.

Objective:To establish a decision tree model of pediatric complicated appendicitis (CA) based on Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) combined with inflammatory indicators, and to evaluate its clinical application efficacy in pediatrics.Methods:The clinical data of 544 children diagnosed with appendicitis in Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. According to postoperative pathology, the children were divided into uncomplicated appendicitis group and CA group. The independent risk factors of CA were screened by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and these parameters were included to establish the decision tree model. The accuracy of the decision tree model was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the PAS, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were identified as independent risk factors for complicated appendicitis in children (all P<0.05). PAS, CRP and NLR were included as covariables to construct the decision tree model and binary logistic regression model for predicting CA. The decision tree demonstrated an overall accuracy of 79.2% with a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 71.9%, and achieved an area under curve (AUC) of 0.821(95% CI: 0.786-0.857). The binary logistic regression model had a sensitivity of 79.6% and specificity of 69.1%, with an overall accuracy of 75.1% and achieved an AUC of 0.808(95% CI: 0.770-0.845). Conclusions:The decision tree model based on PAS score combined with CRP, NLR is a simple, intuitive and effective tool , which can provide pediatric emergency physicians a reliable basis for diagnosis of pediatric CA.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the intervention effect of dihydroartemisinin （DHA） on hippocampal nerve injury in L5 spinal nerve ligation （SNL） model and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） hippocampal continuous injection model. In primary cultured microglia-hippocampal neurons， the regulatory pattern of DHA on microglia-hippocampal neuronal interactions was confirmed. MethodThe experimental animals were divided into Sham group， SNL group， and DHA group （16 mg·kg^-1）， with 3 mice in each group. The hippocampal CA3 glutamatergic neurons were labeled with adeno-associated virus ［Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ（CaMKⅡ） dTomato AAV］， and their contributions to the hippocampal CA1， prefrontal cortex （Frc）， anterior cortex （ACC）， projections of nucleus accumbens （Nac）， and Basolateral Amygdala （BLA） were traced by immunofluorescence staining. The experimental animals were divided into a Sham group， a TNF-α hippocampus continuous injection model group， DHA-L， DHA-M， and DHA-H groups （4， 8， 16 mg·kg^-1）， and pregabalin group （25 mg·kg^-1）， with 4 mice in each group. The morphology of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions was counted by Golgi staining. The continuous activation of hippocampal primary neurons and microglia was induced， DHA intervention was given by co-culture， and the cell soma area and the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 （PSD95） inside and outside the primary and secondary dendritic spines of neurons were counted by immunofluorescence. ResultCompared with the Sham group， the projection of CA3 glutamatergic neurons to CA1 region， Frc， and ACC in the SNL group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， while the projection to Nac and BLA was significantly increased （P<0.01）. As compared with the SNL group， the projection of hippocampal CA3 glutamatergic neurons to CA1 region， Frc， and ACC was significantly increased in the DHA group （P<0.01）， while the projection to Nac and BLA was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Golgi staining results showed that as compared with the Sham group， the density of dendritic spines and the number of dendritic branches in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons in the TNF-α hippocampal continuous injection model group were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. As compared with the TNF-α hippocampal continuous injection model， the density of dendritic spines and the number of dendritic branches in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons in the DHA-M and DHA-H groups were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with DHA-M group， the total dendrite length of CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampus in DHA-H group was significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the total dendrite length of CA1 neurons and the total dendrite base length of CA3 neurons in DHA-L group was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank control group， the cell soma area of the glycine group and glutamate group increased significantly （P<0.01）. As compared with the glycine group and glutamate group， the cell area of the glycine + glutamate group was significantly increased （P<0.01）， and as compared with the glutamate group， the cell soma area of the glutamate + DHA group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. As compared with the glycine acid + glutamate group， the cell soma area of the glycine + glutamate + DHA group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and as compared with the glutamate + DHA group， the cell soma area of the glycine + glutamate + DHA group was also significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Compared with the blank control group， the cell soma area of the glutamate group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. As compared with the glutamate group， the cell soma area of the glutamate + DHA-L， glutamate + DHA-M， and glutamate + DHA-H groups was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. As compared with the blank control group， the expression of the resting primary microglia + glycine group in primary and secondary dendritic internal and external postsynaptic density protein 95 （PSD95） was significantly increased （P<0.01）. As compared with the resting primary microglia + glycine group， the expression of PSD95 in the primary and secondary dendritic spinous and external neurons of the activated primary microglia + glycine group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. As compared with the activated primary microglia + glycine group， the expression of PSD95 in the primary and secondary dendritic spinous and external neurons in the activated primary microglia + glycine + DHA group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. As compared with the activated primary microglia + DHA group， the expression of PSD95 in the primary and secondary dendritic spines and outside neurons in the activated primary microglia + glycine + DHA group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionDHA has a significant repair effect on vertebral neuronal damage caused by hippocampal microglia and TNF-α overexpression in NP pathology， and this repair is closely related to the dual inhibition of neuronal-microglia by DHA.

Objective:This paper briefly reviewed the literature related to skin flaps published in Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery ( CJPS) and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ( PRS) in recent five years (from January 2016 to December 2020) to compare the similarities and differences between these two journals and to direct future research. Methods:In May of 2021, literature with "flap" as the keyword in the titles and abstracts published in CJPS and PRS in recent five years were searched. Related literature published by CJPS were searched by Wanfang Data and CNKI database, and that of PRS were searched by PubMed and Scopus database. After removing the repetitive literature, the titles and abstracts were read to exclude the non-flap studies and non-original articles. By reading the full text and using bibliometrics, the total number of papers published, the number of papers on flap research, the level of evidence-based medicine evidence, the nationality and organization distribution of the authors, the type of flaps, the application of flaps, and new technologies were comprehensively analyzed. Results:The total number of papers published by CJPS in recent five years was 1 116, and 244 were included in this study. The total number of articles published in PRS in the same period was 4 562, and 268 were included in this study. Most of the articles published in PRS are from American authors. The number of articles published by Chinese authors is in the second place. In the past five years, authors from the mainland of China published 21 papers in PRS. Most of the articles published by CJPS are about the pedicle flap, while PRS is about the free flap. CJPS published more articles about the traditional flaps than perforator flaps, and PRS did the opposite. CJPS published articles mainly on the local flap, anterolateral thigh flap, and peroneal artery perforator flap, while PRS focused on the inferior epigastric artery perforator fibula bone or osteocutaneous flap, and anterolateral thigh flap. The indication of flap surgery reported by CJPS is the reconstruction of various defects, while the flaps reported by PRS are mainly used in breast reconstruction and other fields. In addition, computer-aided imaging, indocyanine green angiography, propeller flap, multilobed flap, and other new technologies and concepts have been widely reported in the literature related to skin flaps published in CPJS and PRS. Conclusions:In the recent five years, the flap research in China has been at the leading international level and has certain competitiveness. However, the study in China is limited to reporting clinical experience, and the level of evidence-based medicine is relatively low, so there is still a certain gap with the international frontier research.

Objective:This paper briefly reviewed the literature related to skin flaps published in Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery ( CJPS) and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ( PRS) in recent five years (from January 2016 to December 2020) to compare the similarities and differences between these two journals and to direct future research. Methods:In May of 2021, literature with "flap" as the keyword in the titles and abstracts published in CJPS and PRS in recent five years were searched. Related literature published by CJPS were searched by Wanfang Data and CNKI database, and that of PRS were searched by PubMed and Scopus database. After removing the repetitive literature, the titles and abstracts were read to exclude the non-flap studies and non-original articles. By reading the full text and using bibliometrics, the total number of papers published, the number of papers on flap research, the level of evidence-based medicine evidence, the nationality and organization distribution of the authors, the type of flaps, the application of flaps, and new technologies were comprehensively analyzed. Results:The total number of papers published by CJPS in recent five years was 1 116, and 244 were included in this study. The total number of articles published in PRS in the same period was 4 562, and 268 were included in this study. Most of the articles published in PRS are from American authors. The number of articles published by Chinese authors is in the second place. In the past five years, authors from the mainland of China published 21 papers in PRS. Most of the articles published by CJPS are about the pedicle flap, while PRS is about the free flap. CJPS published more articles about the traditional flaps than perforator flaps, and PRS did the opposite. CJPS published articles mainly on the local flap, anterolateral thigh flap, and peroneal artery perforator flap, while PRS focused on the inferior epigastric artery perforator fibula bone or osteocutaneous flap, and anterolateral thigh flap. The indication of flap surgery reported by CJPS is the reconstruction of various defects, while the flaps reported by PRS are mainly used in breast reconstruction and other fields. In addition, computer-aided imaging, indocyanine green angiography, propeller flap, multilobed flap, and other new technologies and concepts have been widely reported in the literature related to skin flaps published in CPJS and PRS. Conclusions:In the recent five years, the flap research in China has been at the leading international level and has certain competitiveness. However, the study in China is limited to reporting clinical experience, and the level of evidence-based medicine is relatively low, so there is still a certain gap with the international frontier research.

BACKGROUND: Flubendazole is an anthelmintic and categorized in benzimidazole. Previous evidence indicates its suppression on proliferation of colon cancer and breast cancer cells. Our study aims to explore the effects of flubendazole on non-small cell lung cancer A549 and H460 cell lines and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of flubendazole at different concentrations on viability of both cell lines A549 and H460. We used western blot to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3 after flubendazole treatment. Cells were transfected with tandem fluorescent adenovirus (mRFP-GFP-LC3), and the impact of flubendazole treatment on autophagic flux were analyzed. RESULTS: Cell viability analysis showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation of both A549 and H460, comparing to cells without flubendazole treating (P<0.001). Level of p62 decreased and LC3 II/I ratio increased in cells treated with 2 μmol/L flubendazole for 24 h and 48 h, compared to control groups (P<0.005). Red fluorescence signals increased in mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfected cells after flubendazole treating, suggesting an elevation in autophagic flux. CONCLUSIONS Flubendazole may inhibit the proliferation of A549 and H460 cells and promote autophagy.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and technical tips of donor-site reconstruction of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap using the perforator propeller flap technique.Methods:Between July 2012 and January 2019, a total of 24 patients, including 9 males and 15 females, underwent reconstructions of defects in various locations using the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. The average patient age was 43.6 years (range, 4-81 years). Before surgery, perforators adjacent to the latissimus dorsi muscle were explored using an ultrasound Doppler probe and marked on the skin. A latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap was elevated according to the resultant defect following the removal of the lesion and transferred to reconstruct the defect. The donor-site defects were reconstructed using one, dual, or even triple perforator propeller flap.Results:All the 24 myocutaneous flaps survived completely. The dimension and width of the myocutaneous flaps ranged from 16 cm × 11 cm to 33 cm × 17 cm and 9 cm to 20 cm, respectively. The donor-site defects of the myocutaneous flap were all closed by perforator propeller flaps including 22 pedicled flaps and 2 free flaps. The defect was reconstructed by one perforator propeller flap in 12 patients, two flaps in 11, and three flaps in the remaining one patient. There were 36 posterior intercostal artery perforator propeller flaps and one freestyle perforator propeller flap. The size, pedicle length, and rotation angle of the propeller flaps were 13 cm × 5 cm to 23 cm × 14 cm, 3 cm to 6 cm, and 90 to 180 degrees, respectively. All the donor sites of the perforator propeller flaps were closed primarily. Total necrosis of the propeller flap occurred in one patient and small-sized distal flap necrosis in another one. The remaining propeller flaps survived completely. All patients were followed up for one to 38 months and the mean follow-up time was 7 months. Tumor recurrence was noticed in four patients. All patients were satisfied with the final functional and aesthetic outcomes.Conclusions:Using the perforator propeller flaps could guarantee not only harvesting a wide latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, but also primary donor-site closure of the myocutaneous flap, and therefore greatly improve the versatility and capability of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous in defect reconstruction.