Processed electroencephalogram (EEG) indices, such as the Bispectral Index, have markedly influenced anesthesia practice as they translate brain activity into simple numerical indices. Nevertheless, as the manufacturing algorithms are not disclosed, the underlying neurophysiology remains obscured. Additionally, these indices are often affected by electromyographic contamination, pharmacological variability, and patient-specific EEG heterogeneity. In contrast, an EEG spectrogram, or density spectral array, preserves the frequency- and time-resolved structures of cortical oscillations. This information is presented in a form that is both physiologically meaningful and clinically interpretable. In this review, we trace the evolution of anesthesia from an index-based to a spectrogram-guided approach, and summarize the clinical rationale for adopting the latter. Key applications of this approach include the use of frontal alpha power as a biomarker of cortical stability and postoperative brain health, the identification of nociceptive arousal through alpha dropout and beta or delta arousal patterns, and individualized titration of multimodal or age-specific anesthetic management. Although current devices lack standardized quantitative alpha metrics and have limited sensitivity for low-frequency brain wave components, structured EEG education programs have proven to be effective in terms of fostering spectrogram literacy among anesthesiologists. By combining neurophysiological precision with bedside practicality, the EEG spectrogram represents a pivotal advance toward individualized, mechanism-based, and brain-protective anesthesia, transforming anesthetic monitoring from mere algorithmic abstraction to cortical insight.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

Objective To develop a reagent for detecting of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone(17α-OHP)in dried blood spots on filter paper fixed on vascular stent by Auto TRFIA-4 automatic fluorescence immunoanalyzer and evaluate its performance.Methods The microwell plate was coated with the sheep anti-rabbit IgG antibody as microwell reaction plate,the rabbit anti-human 17α-OHP antibody was diluted as intermediate antibody,and the 17α-OHP-bovine serum albumin conjugate was labeled by europium as europium marker.The concentration of 17α-OHP in dried blood spots on filter paper fixed on blood spots stent was quantitatively detected by Auto TRFIA-4 automatic fluorescence immunoanalyzer.The analysis sensitivity,accuracy,linearity,precision,specificity and stability were evaluated,and whether they met the requirements of the formulated industry standards were evaluated.A total of 227 neonatal heel blood filter paper samples from newborns who were born 72 hours after birth and within 7 days and fully breastfeeding were selected for reagent comparison test.The consistency was analyzed by χ2 test,Kappa test,t test,linear correlation analysis,regression analysis,Bland-Altman method analysis and predictive bias analysis of medical decision level,P<0.05 indicated statistically significant difference.Results The optimal coating concentration of sheep anti-rabbit IgG antibody was 3 μg/ml.The optimal dilution ratio of rabbit anti-human 17α-OHP antibody was 1∶1 500.The optimal dilution ratio of 17α-OHP europium marker mother liquor was 1∶2 500.The limit of blank,limit of detection,limit of quantification was 0.75,1.08 and 1.99 nmol/L,respectively.The relative deviations of the standard check test were within±15.00%,and the average recovery rate was 92.36%.The linear correlation coefficient was 0.997 1 in the range of 2.00 to 300.00nmo/L.The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were all within 10.00%.The cross-reactivity rates of 100.00 ng/ml progesterone,17α-hydroxypreg nenolone and 11-deoxycortisol were within 0.089%to 0.64%.The performance of stability test met the requirements.The total coincidence rate was 100%compared with the results of contrast reagent.The quantitative results were highly correlated with the contrast reagent(r=0.999 4,tr=452.02,P<0.05).Conclusion The self-developed reagent has the advantages of high sensitivity,good accuracy,wide linear range,good precision,high specificity and good stability,which meets the requirements of the formulated industry standards,and has high correlation and consistency with the result of contrast reagent,which meets the needs of clinical detection.

Aim To explore the effects of nuciferine on cognitive behavior and the underlying mechanisms,white matter injury(WMI),neuroinflammation,and ferroptosis in mice with chronic ischemic WMI.Meth-ods Sixty C57BL/6 mice were divided into a control group,a bilateral common carotid artery stenosis(BCAS)model group,and low/high-dose nuciferine groups(20/40 mg·kg-1).A chronic ischemic WMI model was established using BCAS surgery.Following eight weeks of treatment,cognitive behavior(Y-maze,novel object recognition,Morris water maze),white matter integrity(LFB/MBP staining),microglial acti-vation(Iba-1 immunofluorescence),inflammatory cy-tokines(ELISA for TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6),ferroptosis markers(Fe2+,ROS,MDA,GSH),mitochondrial ultrastructure(electron microscopy),and protein ex-pression of the PI3K/Akt and NRF2/xCT/GPX4 signa-ling pathways(Western blot)were evaluated.Results Compared with the control group,the BCAS group showed significant cognitive decline(P＜0.05),re-duced myelin density,elevated inflammatory cytokines and ferroptosis markers(Fe2+,ROS,MDA),shrunk-en mitochondria,and downregulated PI3K/Akt and NRF2/xCT/GPX4 pathway proteins(P＜0.05).Nu-ciferine intervention significantly ameliorated these in-juries in BCAS mice,with the high-dose group exhibi-ting superior effects(P＜0.05).Conclusions Nu-ciferine exerts protective effects against chronic ische-mic WMI and cognitive impairment by activating the PI3K/Akt and NRF2/xCT/GPX4 signaling pathways,thereby suppressing neuroinflammation and ferroptosis.

Objective To establish a biotin-avidin system time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay(BAS-TRFIA)for detecting serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1(sFlt-1)and evaluate its performance.Methods A BAS-TRFIA was established to quantitatively determine the concentration of sFlt-1 in the serum of pregnant women,which based on the microplate was coated with streptavidin.The monoclonal antibody to capture sFlt-1 was labeled by biotin,and the detection of sFlt-1 monoclonal antibody was labeled by europium.The performance indicators such as lower limit of detection,biological limit of detection,functional sensitivity,precision,linearity,interference test,cross-reaction test,and high dose hook effect of the method were evaluated.A total of 106 remaining serum samples from pregnant women with no hemolysis,jaundice and lipemia at more than 9 weeks were detected by BAS-TRFIA and electrochemiluminescence for methodological comparison study,and the correlation of the comparison test results was analyzed by linear regression.Results The optimal reaction time of the sample was 90 min.The lower limit of detection was 1.00pg/ml.The biological limit of detection was 10.00pg/ml,and the functional sensitivity was 10.00pg/ml.The intra-assay CV and inter-assay CV were both within 5%,and the linear range was 20.00 to 40 000.00pg/ml.The relative bias of the detection results of the 17 interfering samples with interfering substances added to the low-concentration and high-concentration quality controls and the basic samples was within-4.94%～4.24%.The high dose hook effect was not found in sFlt-1 samples up to 150 000pg/ml.When the concentration of sFlt-1 in the sample was 105.40～40 972.00pg/ml,the linear regression equation of BAS-TRFIA and electrochemiluminescence(ECL)detection results was Y=1.086 7X+17.946(r=0.994 4,t=96.26,P＜0.05).Conclusion The quantitative detection of sFlt-1 by BAS-TRFIA has high sensitivity,good precision,wide linear range,strong anti-interference ability,and good correlation with the detection results of reference methods,which is valuable for clinical application.

Aim To investigate the protective effect of Gualou Guizhi granules(GLGZG)on neuronal injury induced by LPS-activated microglia based on Notch signaling pathway.Methods LPS-activated microglia were co-cultured with neurons to construct neuron inju-ry models,and the cells were divided into the control group,model group,Notch inhibitor(DAPT)group,GLGZG(50,100,200 mg·L-1)group,DAPT+100 mg·L-1GLGZG group.After intervention,the activity of HT22 cells was detected by CCK-8 method,and rel-ative mRNA expression was detected by real-time PCR.The relative protein expression was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the model group,after GLGZG intervention,the cell activity was significantly improved,GLGZG decreased IL-6,IL-12,Bax,Notch 1,caspase-3,Delta-1,NICD,RBPSUH,HES1 expression,and increased Bcl-2 expression(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the NICD,RBPSUH and HES1 mRNA and protein expressions significantly decreased after DAPT treatment(P＜0.05),and there was no superposition effect with GLG-ZG.Conclusion GLGZG may play a neuroprotective role by inhibiting inflammatory factors and apoptosis,and inhibiting Notch signaling pathway.

Aim To explore the possible regulatory effect of leptin on acyl-CoA synthetase long chain fami-ly member ACSL5 and their effect on migration and in-vasion of breast cancer cell,and to explore the underly-ing mechanism.Methods The expression of leptin receptor was detected by immunofluorescence assay.The migration and invasion ability of MCF-7 cells were detected by wound healing assay and Transwell assay respectively.The downstream target gene of leptin was analyzed by PCR microarray data.The expression of ACSL5 in breast cancer and its correlation with the staging and prognosis of breast cancer patients were as-sessed uing bioinformatics methods.The expression of ACSL5 in MCF-7 cells treated with different concentra-tions of leptin was detected using real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).Overexpressing ACSL5 was constructed by lentiviral transfection;the expressions of EMT related proteins,AMPK-α and p-AMPK-α were detected by Western blot.Results Leptin promoted breast cancer cell mi-gration and invasion and EMT.ACSL5 was significant-ly low expressed in breast cancer and related to progno-sis.Leptin downregulated the expression of ACSL5 through OBR.Leptin activated AMPK pathway to downregulate ACSL5 and promote migration,invasion and EMT of breast cancer cells.Conclusions Leptin may promote the migration,invasion and EMT of breast cancer by downregulating ACSL5 through activating AMPK pathway.

Objective To explore the mechanism of honey-processed Hedysari Radix in the regulation of intestinal immunity in rats with spleen qi deficiency,which was based on G protein-coupled receptor 41(GPR41)/GPR43-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway.Methods The three-factor composite modeling method of eating disorder,diarrhea and fatigue was used to establish a model of spleen qi deficiency,and the rats were randomly divided into model,honey-processed Hedysari Radix,probiotics and blank groups with 15 rats per group.The honey-processed Hedysari Radix group was given by gavage 12.6 g·kg-1 aqueous extract of honey-processed Hedysari Radix.The probiotics group was given 0.625 g·kg-1 bifidobacterium triple viable solution by gavage.The blank and model groups were given the same dose of distilled water by gavage.Four groups were treated for 15 d with once a day.The expression levels of GPR41,GPR43,P38 MAPK,c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)and extracellular regulatory protein kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)in colon tissues were detected by Western blotting.Results The relative expression levels of GPR41 in the blank,model,honey-processed Hedysari Radix and probiotics groups were 0.95±0.07,0.45±0.03,0.84±0.19 and 0.86±0.20;the relative expression levels of GPR43 were 1.17±0.11,0.41±0.06,0.66±0.03 and 0.57±0.01;the phosphorylated ERK1/2/ERK1/2 ratios were 0.16±0.01,0.43±0.01,0.39±0.01 and 0.36±0.02;the phosphorylated JNK/JNK ratios were 0.58±0.05,1.47±0.10,0.90±0.11 and 0.90±0.11;the phosphorylated P38 MAPK/P38 MAPK ratios were 1.77±0.33,3.19±0.03,2.01±0.17 and 2.23±0.59,respectively.Compared with the model group,the differences of above indexes were statistically significant in the honey-processed Hedysari Radix and probiotics groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion The mechanism of honey-processed Hedysari Radix regulating intestinal immunity in rats with spleen qi deficiency is related to the regulation of GPR41/GPR43 mediated MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective:To analyze the coupling coordination relationship and spatial correlation among the service demand,resource allocation and utilization efficiency of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),aiming to provide theoretical support and optimization strategies for achieving the coordinated operation of the TCM systems in various provinces and promoting the coordinated development of TCM in different provinces.Methods:The data were collected from the China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook(2013-2017)and the China Health Statistics Yearbook(2018-2023),the entropy method was employed to determine the weight of each evaluation index within the subsystems.A coupling coordination degree model and spatial econometric model were applied to assess the coupling coordination values and spatial correlations of the TCM system across various provinces in China.Results:In 2022,the national average coupling coordination degree was 0.603,with values of 0.648,0.577,and 0.563 for the eastern,central,and western regions,respectively.The western region had the highest number of provinces classified as"disordered type".A spatial clustering effect of the coupling coordination degree across 30 provinces.Conclusions:While the allocation of TCM resources has shown steady improvement,the demand for TCM services and utilization efficiency have exhibited a declining trend.The coupling coordination degree follows a decreasing gradient from east to west and exhibits significant spatial effects,a regional collaborative development mechanism for TCM should be established.

Objective To develop a reagent for detecting of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone(17α-OHP)in dried blood spots on filter paper fixed on vascular stent by Auto TRFIA-4 automatic fluorescence immunoanalyzer and evaluate its performance.Methods The microwell plate was coated with the sheep anti-rabbit IgG antibody as microwell reaction plate,the rabbit anti-human 17α-OHP antibody was diluted as intermediate antibody,and the 17α-OHP-bovine serum albumin conjugate was labeled by europium as europium marker.The concentration of 17α-OHP in dried blood spots on filter paper fixed on blood spots stent was quantitatively detected by Auto TRFIA-4 automatic fluorescence immunoanalyzer.The analysis sensitivity,accuracy,linearity,precision,specificity and stability were evaluated,and whether they met the requirements of the formulated industry standards were evaluated.A total of 227 neonatal heel blood filter paper samples from newborns who were born 72 hours after birth and within 7 days and fully breastfeeding were selected for reagent comparison test.The consistency was analyzed by χ2 test,Kappa test,t test,linear correlation analysis,regression analysis,Bland-Altman method analysis and predictive bias analysis of medical decision level,P<0.05 indicated statistically significant difference.Results The optimal coating concentration of sheep anti-rabbit IgG antibody was 3 μg/ml.The optimal dilution ratio of rabbit anti-human 17α-OHP antibody was 1∶1 500.The optimal dilution ratio of 17α-OHP europium marker mother liquor was 1∶2 500.The limit of blank,limit of detection,limit of quantification was 0.75,1.08 and 1.99 nmol/L,respectively.The relative deviations of the standard check test were within±15.00%,and the average recovery rate was 92.36%.The linear correlation coefficient was 0.997 1 in the range of 2.00 to 300.00nmo/L.The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were all within 10.00%.The cross-reactivity rates of 100.00 ng/ml progesterone,17α-hydroxypreg nenolone and 11-deoxycortisol were within 0.089%to 0.64%.The performance of stability test met the requirements.The total coincidence rate was 100%compared with the results of contrast reagent.The quantitative results were highly correlated with the contrast reagent(r=0.999 4,tr=452.02,P<0.05).Conclusion The self-developed reagent has the advantages of high sensitivity,good accuracy,wide linear range,good precision,high specificity and good stability,which meets the requirements of the formulated industry standards,and has high correlation and consistency with the result of contrast reagent,which meets the needs of clinical detection.