Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent and life-threatening clinical syndrome characterised by a rapid decline in renal function and diverse pathological etiologies. The condition has been demonstrated to be associated with elevated mortality rates and an increased risk of progression to chronic kidney disease. At present, clinicians depend heavily on conventional functional markers, such as serum creatinine and urine output, for the diagnosis and staging of the disease. It is evident that these conventional indicators characteristically manifest a considerable temporal delay and only undergo modification subsequent to considerable tissue damage. This severely restricts the timeframe for early detection and timely therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, standard markers fail to provide specific biological information regarding the underlying cellular injury mechanisms. The utilisation of advanced probe technologies in molecular imaging offers a robust alternative to overcome these inherent diagnostic limitations.This comprehensive review systematically evaluates recent progress in the design and application of two primary categories of molecular imaging tools for acute kidney disease, specifically reactive probes and enzyme-activated probes. Reactive probes are engineered to specifically interact with redox-active chemical species, including hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, and sulfur dioxide. Because oxidative stress constitutes a primary early event in acute renal tubular damage, these probes enable researchers and clinicians to visualize early cellular injury and radical accumulation well before global renal functional decline becomes evident. We discuss the application of these reactive probes across multiple imaging modalities including fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and photoacoustic techniques. Photoacoustic imaging combines high spatial resolution with deep tissue penetration and has successfully demonstrated the ability to provide diagnostic alerts up to 12 h before any detectable rise in serum creatinine levels. Additionally, specific reactive probes have shown promising translational potential when tested by high-throughput screening in clinical human urine samples. Enzyme-activated probes target the specific catalytic activity of disease-relevant enzymes. These include well-documented renal tubular structural biomarkers such as NAG, GGT, and ALP, along with apoptosis-related caspases and specific nitroreductases. By responding only to enzymatic cleavage, these tools provide highly specific and pathology-directed imaging readouts. Recent structural design strategies in this field have advanced significantly beyond single-enzyme detection. Researchers are now focusing on sophisticated dual-target recognition to minimize background noise, multimodal integration to cross-validate imaging signals, and theranostic applications where probes simultaneously deliver diagnostic feedback and therapeutic agents to injured tissues. Nanotechnology serves as a fundamental enabler for realizing these advanced probe functions. By precisely optimizing nanoparticle parameters such as hydrodynamic size, surface charge, and targeting ligands, researchers can achieve amplified signal output, highly precise kidney delivery, and protection against premature degradation in the systemic circulation. For example, modifying surface charges can significantly enhance the active uptake of nanoprobes by damaged renal tubular epithelial cells.While preclinical probe development has progressed rapidly, moving these technologies into routine clinical practice remains a major challenge. We analyze the translational feasibility and current obstacles from biological, technological, and regulatory perspectives. Although biological targets such as KIM-1, FAP, and ALP have been validated in extensive patient cohorts, practical barriers severely limit their immediate clinical application. These obstacles involve complex changes in in vivo pharmacokinetics. During an acute injury episode, the extreme drop in the glomerular filtration rate alters probe clearance and can cause unwanted systemic accumulation or confusing background imaging signals. Other major hurdles include a lack of comprehensive long-term toxicity data and the absence of standardized manufacturing protocols to ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Future successful translation will require rigorous multi-center clinical studies to confirm the true diagnostic value of these probes over traditional markers. Researchers must also establish strict standardization of imaging procedures and comprehensive safety evaluations. Ultimately, this review provides a thorough reference framework for designing clinically translatable molecular probes and building a precision diagnostic imaging system for acute kidney injury.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to elucidate the mechanistic role of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by pruritus and barrier dysfunction. A key focus was screening traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) active components with dual antibacterial and antipruritic efficacy, followed by systematic evaluation of their in vitro antibacterial activity. Additionally, a novel drug delivery system was constructed to enable localized efficient drug delivery, inhibiting S. aureus proliferation and alleviating its induced pruritus, thereby providing new strategies for targeted AD therapy. MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice aged 6-8 weeks (body weight 18-22 g) were used to establish an AD model via repeated oxazolone sensitization. On day 14, microbial samples were collected from the lesional area (1 cm²) using sterile cotton swabs, followed by vortex mixing, serial dilution, and plating on 5% sheep blood agar plates (incubated at 37°C for 24 h). Single colonies with complete transparent β-hemolytic zones were isolated and identified as vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) via 16S rRNA sequencing. An S. aureus mono-infection animal model was then established by applying gauze saturated with bacterial suspension (McFarland turbidity 0.1) to the nape and back skin of mice. The pruritic phenotype and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by S. aureus were evaluated using comprehensive approaches including behavioral assays (e.g., scratching frequency recording), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and toluidine blue staining. The in vitro antibacterial efficacy of the TCM monomer pseudolaric acid B (PAB) and double network hydrogel (DN) was separately assessed by disk diffusion assay, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PAB was determined via broth dilution method. Further validation of the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the composite system (PAB@DN, composed of PAB and DN) was conducted through behavioral assays, HE staining, and dermatitis scoring, with its drug release profile evaluated by mass spectrometry analysis. Based on scratching behavioral analysis and dermatitis scoring, the optimal ratio and concentration of PAB@DN were optimized. ResultsThe S. aureus load in AD lesional tissues was significantly higher than in normal skin ((5.3±0.33)×10⁶ CFU vs. (3.6±0.26)×10⁷ CFU, P<0.001). In the S. aureus mono-infection group, mice exhibited a 6.7-fold increase in scratching frequency compared to the control group. HE staining revealed marked epidermal thickening ((10.4±2.39) μm vs. (85.6±1.95) μm, P<0.000 1), and toluidine blue staining showed a 23-fold increase in mast cell degranulation. Pseudolaric acid B exhibited a significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect onS. aureus growth, with its in vitro antibacterial effect being 57% that of the antibiotic cefepime (inhibition zone diameter: PAB (1.885±0.036) cm vs. cefepime (3.636±0.005) cm, P<0.000 1) and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 g/L. The carrier double network hydrogel (DN) itself lacked direct antibacterial activity (no significant difference in inhibition zone diameter compared to the control) but effectively ameliorated the dry symptoms of AD-like lesions. The PAB@DN composite system demonstrated a synergistic effect compared to individual components, resulting in a 50% reduction in scratching behavior, an 86% decrease in dermatitis score, and a 60% reduction in epidermal thickening. It also reduced the S. aureus load in mouse skin by approximately 34%, with the optimal effective formulation being PAB at 1 g/L loaded onto DN. ConclusionS. aureus colonization plays a critical driving role in the onset and progression of AD. Using an S. aureus infection model, this study confirmed that the pseudolaric acidB-hydrogel composite delivery system (PAB@DN) can effectively alleviate S. aureus-induced pruritus and skin damage, providing experimental evidence for microbiota-targeted therapy of AD.

OBJECTIVE To predict and verify the mechanism of Jiawei qifang weitong granule in ameliorating precancerous lesions of gastric cancer （PLGC）. METHODS Transcriptomic data of PLGC-related were obtained from the GEO database to screen differentially expressed genes and conduct functional enrichment analysis. Targets related to gastric mucosal injury repair were screened via the GeneCards database. The active ingredient targets of Jiawei qifang weitong granule were predicted using the TCMSP and other databases. The intersection of differentially expressed genes， gastric mucosal repair targets and active ingredient targets was extracted. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed based on the STRING database， and the top 6 hub target genes with the highest connectivity were screened. A PLGC rat model was established by combining 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine with alternating fasting and full feeding. Model rats were divided into model group， weifuchun group （positive control， 0.40 g/kg）， low-， medium- and high-dose Jiawei qifang weitong granule groups （9.73， 19.44， 38.90 g/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Another 10 unmodeled rats were set as control group. Rats in each group were intragastrically administered corresponding liquid medicine or normal saline once a day for 30 consecutive days. After the last administration， pathological morphological changes of rat gastric tissues were observed， and the mRNA expression levels of hub target genes as well as partial protein expression levels in gastric tissues were detected. RESULTS Transcriptomics and network pharmacology analyses revealed that the top 6 hub target genes ranked by connectivity included MMP9 （matrix metalloproteinase 9）， BCL2（B-cell lymphoma 2）， IL10（interleukin 10），ICAM1（intercellular adhesion molecule 1）， PTGS2 （prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2）， and HIF1A （hypoxia-inducible factor 1α subunit）. Animal experiments showed that compared with the model group， gastric mucosal pathological injury was significantly alleviated in medium- and high-dose Jiawei qifang weitong granule groups and weifuchun group. The pathological injury score of gastric mucosa， the mRNA expression levels of MMP9， PTGS2， ICAM1， BCL2 and HIF1A， as well as the protein expression levels of PTGS2 and BCL2 in gastric tissues were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）， while the mRNA expression level of IL10 was significantly increased （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Jiawei qifang weitong granule may ameliorate PLGC by targeted down-regulating the mRNA expression of MMP9， PTGS2， ICAM1， BCL2 and HIF1A， up-regulating IL10 mRNA expression， and regulating the imbalance between gastric mucosal inflammatory response and injury repair.

Vestibular migraine(VM)is a common paroxysmal vertigo disease whose diagnosis is main-ly based on patient history and symptom characteristics.Vestibular function tests are commonly used to diag-nose vestibular and vertigo diseases,including electronystagmography,video head impulse test(vHIT),caloric test,audiometry,electrocochleography(EcochG),and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential(VEMP).Central positional nystagmus is the most common nystagmus in VM,which differs significantly from nystagmus in the plane of the affected semicircular canal in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV).In vHIT examina-tion,the gain of VM patients is generally normal,but their small-amplitude saccades are more meaningful for disease screening and differentiation.The abnormal rate of caloric testing in VM ranges from 19.4%to 56.0%,and VM patients with abnormal caloric test results may have a poor prognosis.Hearing tests in VM patients are usually normal,while EcochG has good application value in differentiating VM from Meniere's disease(MD).Studies applying VEMP to VM show divergent or even contradictory results,and specific posi-tive manifestations remain unclear.Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)is an MRI method for studying brain neural activity,divided into task-state and resting-state modes,both of which can be applied to VM diagnosis.This article analyzes the application value of vestibular function tests and fMRI in the diagnosis and treatment of VM,providing support for research on both types of examinations in the management and prognosis of vestibular migraine.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of multimodal prehabilitation in patients with refractory functional constipation undergoing Jinling procedure(modified Duhamel surgery).Methods:In this prospective randomized controlled trial,80 patients with refractory functional constipation scheduled for Jinling procedure at the Department of General Surgery,the General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command between January 2020 and December 2021 were enrolled.Participants were randomly assigned to either the observation group(n=40,multimodal prehabilitation)or control group(n=40,routine nursing care).Outcome measures included:time to first flatus,time to first ambulation,defecation volume on postoperative day 5,length of hospitalization,nutritional markers(hemoglobin,albumin,total protein at postoperative day 7),anxiety/depression scores(Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,HADS),and total complication rates.Results:Compared to controls,the first ventilation time(48.02±6.15)h,first ambulation time(49.92±5.58)h,defecation volume on the fifth day(234.50±51.03)mL,hospital stay(13.15±2.64)d,anxiety score(43.68±3.45)points,depression score(43.81±1.58)points,and the total incidence of postoperative complications(15%)were significantly lower in the observation group(all p values<0.05).By contrast,the serum levels of hemoglobin(115.60±11.60)g/l,albumin(41.19±5.79)g/L and total protein(61.64±4.94)g/L on day 7 post-operatively were significantly higher in the observation group than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Multimodal prehabilitation enhances postoperative intestinal recovery,reduces complications,improves nutritional status,and shortens hospital stays in refractory functional constipation patients undergoing Jinling procedure,supporting its clinical adoption.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the clinical features and treatment methods of subglottic cysts in infants.METHODS A single-center retrospective study was conducted,enrolling twelve pediatric patients with subglottic cysts who were treated at Beijing Children's Hospital,Affiliated to Capital Medical University,between December 2016 and October 2024.Clinical data were collected and analyzed,including patient age,body weight,perinatal history,presenting symptoms,findings from flexible laryngoscopy and imaging studies,as well as surgical treatment modalities.RESULTS Among the 12 patients,8 were male and 4 were female,with a median age of 7 months.Preterm infants accounted for 83.3%(10/12),low birth weight was observed in 58.3%(7/12),and 75%(9/12)had a history of tracheal intubation.The primary clinical manifestations included stridor,respiratory distress,and feeding difficulties.All patients were diagnosed by laryngoscopy and imaging studies,which confirmed the presence of subglottic cysts.Among these,9 were located on the right side and 3 on the left.All patients underwent subglottic cyst excision under general anesthesia using suspension laryngoscopy combined with endoscopy.Among them,two cases experienced recurrence and required a second surgical procedure three months postoperatively.Histopathological examination revealed a cyst wall lined by stratified squamous epithelium and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.All patients were followed up for a period ranging from 6 months to 6 years,with no recurrence observed during this time.CONCLUSION Infants presenting with stridor and dyspnea should undergo prompt laryngoscopy for definitive diagnosis.Subglottic cysts should be highly suspected in preterm,low-birth-weight infants with a history of intubation who develop stridor or respiratory distress during development.Once diagnosed,surgical intervention should be performed promptly to avoid the need for a tracheostomy.Surgical excision under general anesthesia using suspension laryngoscopy combined with endoscopy is an effective treatment for subglottic cysts.

The continuous accumulation of plastic waste such as polyethylene in the environment has caused serious environmental pollution issues.Considering the high similarity in the molecular structure of petroleum and polyolefin,it is feasible to apply rare earth-zeolite catalysts in polyolefin plastic upcycling,which is commonly used in fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)in the field of petroleum refining.In this study,Ce-modified HY(Ce-HY)zeolites were synthesized and characterized by a series of analytical methods,such as high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM),Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),etc.When introducing 5% Ce species into HY zeolites,the 5Ce-HY showed excellent catalytic performance in the catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene(LDPE),which achieved 98.4% LDPE conversion with 91.5% selectivity of gaseous alkanes at 300℃,and 75.4% of them were isoparaffins.In addition,the effect of the location of rare earth species in Y zeolites on the catalytic performance was explored by fine X-ray diffraction(XRD)in the range of 11°-13°and in situ-Raman analyses.The Ce species located in the supercage of Y zeolites were more important,which enhanced the adsorption capacity and accessibility of substrate molecules,thus facilitating the entire catalytic cracking process.This method could be used to detect the location of rare earth elements in Y zeolites to understand the mechanism of rare earth catalysis.

The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR)presents a sustainable pathway for large-scale ammonia production,yet it faces significant challenges due to proton supply limitations caused by the high energy barrier for water dissociation,which slows ammonia(NH3)generation.Herein,a palladium(Pd)-modified copper-cobalt(CuCo)hollow fiber penetration electrode that enabled H2 injection through its hollow structures,thereby enhancing proton availability for NO3RR was developed.The active Pd component efficiently dissociated H2,facilitating active hydrogen(*H)spillover and speeding up the cascade NO3RR process on Cu and Co sites.As a result,a half-cell energy efficiency of 39.53%and an NH3 Faradaic efficiency(FE)of 97.11%±1.17%at-0.1 V(vs RHE)were achieved,comparable to state-of-the-art systems.Importantly,the H2-assisted approach prevented the oxidation of active Cu and Co phases,demonstrating exceptional stability with less than 5.6%decay in current density(267 mA/cm2)and retention of NH3 FE at 94.8%after over 70 h of electrolysis.These findings offered valuable insights into proton supply pathways and design of NO3RR electrodes.

Objective To design a training device of the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization so as to enhance the flight crew's ability to adapt to the low oxygen environment after rushing into the plateau and reduce the incidence of acute plateau reaction.Methods The training device comprised a plateau environment simulation controller,a multimodal physiological acquisition system and hypoxia exercise training evaluation software.The plateau environment simulation controller was composed of an environment monitor for plateau acclimatization,two composite sensor sets,a control valve and an alarm device;the multimodal physiological acquisition system was made up of 20 groups of vital signs acquisi-tion devices,with a wearable dynamic ECG and respiration recorder,a wrist oximeter and an arm sphygmomano-meter included in each group.The hypoxia exercise training evaluation software was developed with a B/S architecture,Java language and JetBrains 2020.3.Results The training device proved to have the simulation altitude ranging from 0 to 6 000 m and facilitated simultaneous training of 20 persons for normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,screening for hypoxia endurance,real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and assessment of training effect,with none of the trainees having acute plateau reaction.Conclusion The training device assists the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,and can be used for acclimatization training before plateau missions.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(8):18-24]

Nucleic acid detection technology has been widely applied in fields such as pathogen detection due to its characteristics of rapidity,sensitivity,and specificity.With the numerous nucleic acid markers related to diseases,the demand for multiplex nucleic acid detection is gradually increasing.Multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)can simultaneously amplify multiple targets,but there are problems such as easy contamination when opening the tube during the analysis process after amplification and high technical requirements.With the continuous advancement of detection technology,a series of simple,re-liable single-tube multiplex PCR detection technologies that do not require opening the tube have emerged successively.A common technology is the single-closed tube multiplex PCR detection method based on fluorescent probes,which mainly uses different fluorescent labels to distinguish multiple targets.Com-bined with different specific enzymatic digestion reactions,it can achieve multiplex detection of rare tumor mutations and single nucleotide-specific genotyping.In addition,the monochromatic melting curve analysis method based on differences in melting temperatures enables parallel detection of multiple targets within a single fluorescence channel.When performed within multiple fluorescence channels,it is called the multicolor melting curve analysis method,which can increase the number of detected targets to doz-ens,greatly breaking through the limitation of the number of fluorescence channels on the multiplexity of detection.At the same time,the fluorescence coding method using different combinations of fluorescent labels also provides new ideas for single-closed tube multiplex PCR detection.These include encoding the sequence of signals generated by different fluorescent labels corresponding to the same target,using a combination of two fluorescent labels to identify specific targets,and controlling the amplitude of fluores-cent signals of different targets,all of which can also improve the multiplexity of detection.This article summarizes and prospects the research progress of single-closed tube multiplex PCR detection technology in recent years from multiple dimensions such as principles,applications,and the advantages and disad-vantages of the methods,providing valuable references for subsequent scientific research exploration and application.