Objective:To study the relationship between the polarization state of hippocampal microglia and depression-like behavior in mice and the regulatory effect of Xiaoyaosan.Methods:Sixty female BALB/C mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, Xiaoyaosan group and fluoxetine group according to the random number method with 15 in each group. Except for control group, the mice in the other 3 groups received chronic restraint stress for 21 days to establish the depressive model. The mice in the Xiaoyaosan group and fluoxetine group were gavaged with Xiaoyaosan(28.06 g/kg) and fluoxetine(3.03 mg/kg) respectively, while the mice in control and model groups received the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. Mouse behaviors were evaluated by sucrose preference test and elevated plus maze test.ELISA was used to detect the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), dopamine(DA) in serum and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), interleukin-10(IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and arginase-1(Arg-1) expression.Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of iNOS, Arg-1, CD86 and CD206. The mRNA expression of iNOS and Arg-1 in hippocampus was detected by qRT-PCR. The pathological changes of hippocampus were observed by HE staining.SPSS 27.0 software was used to analyze the data. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among multiple groups, and LSD test was used for pairwise comparison.Results:(1) There were significant differences in sucrose preference among the 4 groups ( F=46.62, P<0.05).The sucrose preference of model group was lower than that of the control group ( P<0.05), while the sucrose preference of Xiaoyaosan group was higher than that of the model group ( P<0.05).There were significant differences in the number of open arm entries and residence time in the elevated plus maze test among the 4 groups ( F=24.63, 26.94, both P<0.05). The number of open arm entries and residence time in model group ((1.80±1.48)times, (6.19±1.67)s) were lower than those of the control group ((9.80±1.64)times, (56.81±2.75)s)) (both P<0.05). The number of open arm entries and residence time in Xiaoyaosan group ((6.80±0.84)times, (29.59±7.72)s) were significantly higher than model group(both P<0.05).(2) There were significant differences in serum 5-HT and DA levels among the 4 groups ( F=33.27, 76.03, both P<0.05). The serum 5-HT and DA levels in the model group were lower than those of the control group (both P<0.05).The serum 5-HT and DA levels in the Xiaoyaosan group were higher than those of model group (both P<0.05).(3)There were significant differences in the contents of TGF-β1, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-6 in the hippocampus of 4 groups ( F=31.93, 64.01, 25.74, 28.14, all P<0.05). The contents of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in the model group were lower than those of the control group, while the contents of TNF-α and IL-6 were higher (all P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the contents of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in Xiaoyaosan group ( TGF-β1: (30.40±1.56)pg/mL vs (23.77±2.24) pg/mL; IL-10: ((233.94±11.38)pg/mL) vs (130.46±15.34) pg/mL) were higher, and the contents of TNF-α ((73.35±1.51)ng/mL vs (85.89±4.52)pg/mL) and IL-6 (66.15±2.96)pg/mL vs (76.01±1.59)pg/mL) )were lower (all P<0.05).(4)The results of qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot all showed that there were significant differences in mRNA and protein levels of iNOS ( F=41.92, 20.78, 9.27, all P<0.05) and Arg-1 ( F=27.24, 24.23, 6.49, all P<0.05) in the hippocampus among the 4 groups of mice. The mRNA and protein levels of iNOS of the model group were higher than those in the control group (both P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein levels of Arg-1 were lower than those in the control group(both P<0.05).The mRNA and protein levels of iNOS in the Xiaoyaosan group were lower than those in the model group (both P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein levels of Arg-1 were higher than model group(both P<0.05).(5) The expressions of CD206 and CD86 in hippocampus of the 4 groups were significantly different ( F=86.14, 24.02, both P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the model group had a higher expression of CD86 in the hippocampus and a lower expression of CD206 (both P<0.05).Compared with the model group, the CD86 of Xiaoyaosan group was lower, while CD206 was higher (both P<0.05). (6) The HE staining results showed that the cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of the model group mice exhibited disordered arrangement, fewer cells, larger intercellular space, unclear boundary and other changes.The morphology of the cells in the Xiaoyaosan group was improved compared to the model group. Conclusion:Xiaoyaosan can inhibit M1 activation of microglia and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of mice caused by chronic restraint stress, exerting neuroprotective effects and improving depressive behavior in mice.

Objective:By analyzing the disease spectrum and composition of inpatients in general surgery department of a children′s hospital in Beijing from January 2018 to June 2024, to understand the impact of the COVID-19 on the number of inpatients in children′s hospitals and the composition of disease types, and to provide scientific evidence for hospital capacity building and medical response after the outbreak of the epidemic.Methods:The hospitalization medical records of children in the general surgery ward of the children′s hospital from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2024 were collected. SPSS 22.0 software and EXCEL tools were used to analyze the ranking and composition of general surgery diseases in the hospital from three dimensions: different years, different genders, and different age groups. At the same time, the source of children in the hospital was counted by province.Results:Overall, the total number of hospitalized children has shown a significant decrease since 2020, and has since slowly rebounded; Acute appendicitis, inguinal hernia, and common bile duct cyst rank among the top three diseases annually; From a gender perspective, inguinal hernia and acute appendicitis are the most common in male children, while acute appendicitis and common bile duct cysts are the most common in female children; In terms of age, the 1-year-old group has the highest number of patients with inguinal hernia, while the 5-year-old and 10-18-year-old groups have the highest number of patients with acute appendicitis; Compared with 2018-2019, the number of hospitalized children with inguinal hernia decreased sharply in the first half of 2020-2024, and the first priority disease changed from inguinal hernia to acute appendicitis.Conclusions:This study analyzed the disease spectrum and composition of the children′s hospital before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, which has important reference value for the capacity building, resource allocation and epidemic response of the children′s hospital.

Objective:To study the relationship between the polarization state of hippocampal microglia and depression-like behavior in mice and the regulatory effect of Xiaoyaosan.Methods:Sixty female BALB/C mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, Xiaoyaosan group and fluoxetine group according to the random number method with 15 in each group. Except for control group, the mice in the other 3 groups received chronic restraint stress for 21 days to establish the depressive model. The mice in the Xiaoyaosan group and fluoxetine group were gavaged with Xiaoyaosan(28.06 g/kg) and fluoxetine(3.03 mg/kg) respectively, while the mice in control and model groups received the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. Mouse behaviors were evaluated by sucrose preference test and elevated plus maze test.ELISA was used to detect the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), dopamine(DA) in serum and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), interleukin-10(IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and arginase-1(Arg-1) expression.Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of iNOS, Arg-1, CD86 and CD206. The mRNA expression of iNOS and Arg-1 in hippocampus was detected by qRT-PCR. The pathological changes of hippocampus were observed by HE staining.SPSS 27.0 software was used to analyze the data. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among multiple groups, and LSD test was used for pairwise comparison.Results:(1) There were significant differences in sucrose preference among the 4 groups ( F=46.62, P<0.05).The sucrose preference of model group was lower than that of the control group ( P<0.05), while the sucrose preference of Xiaoyaosan group was higher than that of the model group ( P<0.05).There were significant differences in the number of open arm entries and residence time in the elevated plus maze test among the 4 groups ( F=24.63, 26.94, both P<0.05). The number of open arm entries and residence time in model group ((1.80±1.48)times, (6.19±1.67)s) were lower than those of the control group ((9.80±1.64)times, (56.81±2.75)s)) (both P<0.05). The number of open arm entries and residence time in Xiaoyaosan group ((6.80±0.84)times, (29.59±7.72)s) were significantly higher than model group(both P<0.05).(2) There were significant differences in serum 5-HT and DA levels among the 4 groups ( F=33.27, 76.03, both P<0.05). The serum 5-HT and DA levels in the model group were lower than those of the control group (both P<0.05).The serum 5-HT and DA levels in the Xiaoyaosan group were higher than those of model group (both P<0.05).(3)There were significant differences in the contents of TGF-β1, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-6 in the hippocampus of 4 groups ( F=31.93, 64.01, 25.74, 28.14, all P<0.05). The contents of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in the model group were lower than those of the control group, while the contents of TNF-α and IL-6 were higher (all P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the contents of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in Xiaoyaosan group ( TGF-β1: (30.40±1.56)pg/mL vs (23.77±2.24) pg/mL; IL-10: ((233.94±11.38)pg/mL) vs (130.46±15.34) pg/mL) were higher, and the contents of TNF-α ((73.35±1.51)ng/mL vs (85.89±4.52)pg/mL) and IL-6 (66.15±2.96)pg/mL vs (76.01±1.59)pg/mL) )were lower (all P<0.05).(4)The results of qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot all showed that there were significant differences in mRNA and protein levels of iNOS ( F=41.92, 20.78, 9.27, all P<0.05) and Arg-1 ( F=27.24, 24.23, 6.49, all P<0.05) in the hippocampus among the 4 groups of mice. The mRNA and protein levels of iNOS of the model group were higher than those in the control group (both P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein levels of Arg-1 were lower than those in the control group(both P<0.05).The mRNA and protein levels of iNOS in the Xiaoyaosan group were lower than those in the model group (both P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein levels of Arg-1 were higher than model group(both P<0.05).(5) The expressions of CD206 and CD86 in hippocampus of the 4 groups were significantly different ( F=86.14, 24.02, both P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the model group had a higher expression of CD86 in the hippocampus and a lower expression of CD206 (both P<0.05).Compared with the model group, the CD86 of Xiaoyaosan group was lower, while CD206 was higher (both P<0.05). (6) The HE staining results showed that the cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of the model group mice exhibited disordered arrangement, fewer cells, larger intercellular space, unclear boundary and other changes.The morphology of the cells in the Xiaoyaosan group was improved compared to the model group. Conclusion:Xiaoyaosan can inhibit M1 activation of microglia and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of mice caused by chronic restraint stress, exerting neuroprotective effects and improving depressive behavior in mice.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and epidemiological patterns of hepatitis B virus（HBV）serological markers among pediatric surgical inpatients in Beijing.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from all surgical inpatients（0?18 years of age）at a tertiary children’s hospital in Beijing between January 2019 and December 2024. Five HBV serological markers（HBsAg，anti-HBs，anti-HBc，HBeAg，anti-HBe）were analyzed and compared across sex，age，and ethnicity.Results:Of 15 339 children included，56.50% were male and 43.50% female；the 6?12-year age group predominated（37.41%），and Han ethnicity accounted for 91.61%. The overall positive rates were 0.78% for HBsAg，75.32% for anti-HBs，7.42% for anti-HBc，0.02% for HBeAg，and 3.05% for anti-HBe. The prevalences of “big three-positive”（HBsAg+/HBeAg+/anti-HBc+）and “small three-positive”（HBsAg+/anti-HBe+/anti-HBc+）patterns were only 0.02% and 0.04%，respectively. Boys had significantly higher anti-HBs（76.02% vs 74.40%）and anti-HBc（8.01% vs 6.69%）positivity than girls. HBsAg peaked in the 1?3-year group（1.75%）and was lowest in the 6?12-year group（0.19%）. Anti-HBs reached its highest level in the 3?6-year group（81.25%）and declined to 56.07% in adolescents（12?18 years）. No ethnic differences were observed.Conclusion:Universal HBV vaccination has achieved remarkable success among surgical inpatients in Beijing，as evidenced by high anti-HBs levels and very low rates of active or chronic infection. However，antibody titers wane with age，underscoring the need for targeted booster strategies for school-aged children.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and epidemiological patterns of hepatitis B virus（HBV）serological markers among pediatric surgical inpatients in Beijing.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from all surgical inpatients（0?18 years of age）at a tertiary children’s hospital in Beijing between January 2019 and December 2024. Five HBV serological markers（HBsAg，anti-HBs，anti-HBc，HBeAg，anti-HBe）were analyzed and compared across sex，age，and ethnicity.Results:Of 15 339 children included，56.50% were male and 43.50% female；the 6?12-year age group predominated（37.41%），and Han ethnicity accounted for 91.61%. The overall positive rates were 0.78% for HBsAg，75.32% for anti-HBs，7.42% for anti-HBc，0.02% for HBeAg，and 3.05% for anti-HBe. The prevalences of “big three-positive”（HBsAg+/HBeAg+/anti-HBc+）and “small three-positive”（HBsAg+/anti-HBe+/anti-HBc+）patterns were only 0.02% and 0.04%，respectively. Boys had significantly higher anti-HBs（76.02% vs 74.40%）and anti-HBc（8.01% vs 6.69%）positivity than girls. HBsAg peaked in the 1?3-year group（1.75%）and was lowest in the 6?12-year group（0.19%）. Anti-HBs reached its highest level in the 3?6-year group（81.25%）and declined to 56.07% in adolescents（12?18 years）. No ethnic differences were observed.Conclusion:Universal HBV vaccination has achieved remarkable success among surgical inpatients in Beijing，as evidenced by high anti-HBs levels and very low rates of active or chronic infection. However，antibody titers wane with age，underscoring the need for targeted booster strategies for school-aged children.

Objective:By analyzing the disease spectrum and composition of inpatients in general surgery department of a children′s hospital in Beijing from January 2018 to June 2024, to understand the impact of the COVID-19 on the number of inpatients in children′s hospitals and the composition of disease types, and to provide scientific evidence for hospital capacity building and medical response after the outbreak of the epidemic.Methods:The hospitalization medical records of children in the general surgery ward of the children′s hospital from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2024 were collected. SPSS 22.0 software and EXCEL tools were used to analyze the ranking and composition of general surgery diseases in the hospital from three dimensions: different years, different genders, and different age groups. At the same time, the source of children in the hospital was counted by province.Results:Overall, the total number of hospitalized children has shown a significant decrease since 2020, and has since slowly rebounded; Acute appendicitis, inguinal hernia, and common bile duct cyst rank among the top three diseases annually; From a gender perspective, inguinal hernia and acute appendicitis are the most common in male children, while acute appendicitis and common bile duct cysts are the most common in female children; In terms of age, the 1-year-old group has the highest number of patients with inguinal hernia, while the 5-year-old and 10-18-year-old groups have the highest number of patients with acute appendicitis; Compared with 2018-2019, the number of hospitalized children with inguinal hernia decreased sharply in the first half of 2020-2024, and the first priority disease changed from inguinal hernia to acute appendicitis.Conclusions:This study analyzed the disease spectrum and composition of the children′s hospital before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, which has important reference value for the capacity building, resource allocation and epidemic response of the children′s hospital.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trend of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China.Methods:The incidence data of SFTS in China from 2018 to 2021 were collected from Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System for a statistical and descriptive epidemiological analysis by using software such as Excel 2016, Joinpoint 5.0.2, SPSS 26.0, and GraphPad Prism 8.0, especially, the SFTS cases reported monthly by key provinces were analyzed.Results:From 2018 to 2021, a total of 8 835 SFTS cases were reported in 25 provinces and the annual incidence showed an upward trend. The distribution of SFTS cases showed clustering, but the cases were mainly sporadic ones. The cases began to increase in March, mainly occurred during April to October (96.79%,8 551/8 835), and peaked during May to July. The cases were mainly distributed in middle-aged and old farmers, and slight more cases were women. The average case fatality rate was 5.38%, which varied greatly with areas. The case fatality rate tended to increase with age.Conclusion:From 2018 to 2021, the epidemiological characteristics of SFTS in China remained stable, but the number of reported cases gradually increased and the distribution showed an expanding trend, to which close attention should be paid.

Objective To investigate the progression of breast cancer in mice induced by chronic binding stress and the regulatory mechanism of Xiaoyao SAN based on TGF-β1/CD147 signal pathway.Methods 40 BABL/c mice were randomly divided into tumor group,model group,Xiaoyaosan group and Mifepristone group,and then 4T1 cell line was inoculated into the armpits of each group of mice.After Tumor formation,mice in all groups except tumor group were subjected to chronic restraint stress for 21 days.Meanwhile,mice in Xiaoyaosan and Mifepristone groups were gavaged with the corresponding drugs,and mice in the other two groups were gavaged with normal saline.After the modeling,the mice were sacrificed after anaesthesia.The weight and volume of the tumors and visceral index of the mice were measured.The contents of serum tumor markers(CA199,CEA,VEGF),serum neurotransmitters(DA and CORT),and inflammatory mediators(TGF-β1 and IL-10)in tumor tissues were detected by Elisa.The expressions of iNOS and Arg-1,the polarization markers of macrophages,and the expressions of CD147 and its downstream signaling molecules MMP2,MMP9 and VEGF in tumor tissues were all detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Compared with tumor group,in model group,tumor weight and volume,serum CA199,CEA,VEGF,CORT content,tumor TGF-β1 and IL-10 content were significantly increased;visceral index and serum DA content were significantly reduced;the expression of M2-type polarization marker Arg-1 in tumor macrophages was significantly increased,while the expression of M1-type polarization marker iNOS was significantly decreased;the expressions of CD147 and its downstream signaling molecules MMP2,MMP9 and VEGF were significantly increased.Both Xiaoyaosan and mifepristone could effectively reverse the above changes.Conclusion The mechanism of chronic restraint stress promoting breast cancer progression in mice is related to the increased release of TGF-β1 from M2-type polarization of tumor-associated macrophages,which activates CD147 and its downstream related signals.Xiaoyaosan could relieve the M2-type polarization of macrophages caused by increased corticosterone under stress conditions,reduce the production of TGF-β1,inhibit CD147 and its downstream signal,and thus inhibit the progression of breast cancer caused by chronic restraint stress in mice.

Objective To study the core behavioral symptoms,biological indicators,and pathological changes of a mouse model of breast cancer complicated with depression induced using 4T1 breast cancer cell inoculation combined with chronic restraint stress(CRS).Methods BABL/c mice were randomly divided into Control,Stress,Tumor,and stress combined with tumor(S+T)groups.Mice in the tumor and S+T groups were inoculated under the front legs with breast cancer 4T1 cells.After tumor formation,mice in the stress and S+T groups were subjected to CRS for 21 days.The body weight and food intake of each group were monitored during modeling.After the experiment,the occurrence of depression-like behavior of mice in each group was evaluated by sucrose preference test,open field test,elevated plus-maze test,and forced swimming test.After the mice were decapitated,the weights and volumes of the tumors were measured.Concentrations of serum tumor markers,including carbohydrate antigen(CA199),carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),and related neurotransmitters,including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),norepinephrine(NE),and corticosterone(CORT),were determined using ELISA.HE staining was used to observe histopathological changes to the hippocampus and tumor.Results In S+T group mice,body weight and food intake were significantly decreased,tumor weight and volume were significantly increased,serum tumor marker(CA199,CEA,VEGF)levels were significantly increased,enthusiasm and desire to explore a new environment were reduced,stress and despair behaviors were significantly increased,and levels of the serum neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE and levels of CORT were significantly increased.In addition,the cell arrangement in the tumor tissue was loose,the amount of intercellular substance decreased,the pathological nuclear classification phase was increased,the arrangement and morphology of neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus were disordered,and there were obvious nuclear vacuolation-like changes.Conclusions A mouse model of breast cancer complicated with depression induced by 4T1 breast cancer cell inoculation combined with CRS showed the typical dual symptoms and biological indicators of breast cancer and depression and can be used as a good reference model for experimental studies of breast cancer complicated with depression.

Objective To observe the influence of Creb protein over-expression and under-expression in the prefrontal cortex on depressive behavior in rats.Methods Adeno-associated virus(AAV)strains that can knock down Creb expression in the prefrontal cortex of rats were injected using the stereotaxic injection method and screened by Western blot,reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and immunofluorescence.Forty rats were divided randomly into Control,chronic restraint stress(CRS),CRS combined with AAV interference(CRS+AAVI),and CRS combined with AAV overexpression(CRS+AAVO)groups.The body weight and food intake of the rats in each group were monitored during establishment of the animal model.After establishment of the model,behavioral changes in the rats were monitored by sucrose preference,elevated plus maze,forced swimming,and open field tests.The 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),norepinephrine(NE),and corticosterone(CORT)contents in the prefrontal cortex of rats in each group were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that Creb protein expression was significantly reduced in the short hairpin RNA2(shRNA2)knockdown groups compared with the other groups(P＜0.05).RT-qPCR showed that Creb mRNA expression was also significantly reduced compared with the other three groups(P＜0.01).The AAV-CREB1-shRNA2 virus strain was therefore selected for subsequent Creb-knockdown experiments in this study.After modeling,the food intake of rats in the CRS+AAVI group was significantly reduced compared with the other groups(P＜0.01).Rats in this group also showed slow weight gain and decreased desire to explore new environments,significantly increased despair and nervous behavior,and significantly decreased 5-HT and NE levels(P＜0.01)and significantly increased CORT levels in the prefrontal cortex(P＜0.01).These depressive behaviors and associated neurotransmitter levels were reversed in the CRS+AAVO group.Conclusions Lower expression of Creb in the prefrontal cortex can aggravate the degree of depression in rats,while high expression of Creb can alleviate depression to a certain extent.These result confirm that Creb expression in the prefrontal cortex is an important target in the pathogenesis of depression,thus providing ideas and references for the construction of animal gene models and further studies of the pathogenesis of depression.