The presence of large segmental defects of the diaphyseal bone is challenging for orthopedic surgeons. Free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) is considered to be a reliable reconstructive procedure. Stress fractures are a common complication following this surgery, and hypertrophy is the main physiological change of the grafted fibula. The exact mechanism of hypertrophy is not completely known. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the possible relationship between stress fractures and hypertrophy. We herein report three cases of patients underwent FVFG. Two of them developed stress fractures and significant hypertrophy, while the remaining patient developed neither stress fractures nor significant hypertrophy. This phenomenon indicates that a relationship may exist between stress fractures and hypertrophy of the grafted fibula, specifically, that the presence of a stress fracture may initiate the process of hypertrophy.
Adult ; Female ; Fibula ; pathology ; transplantation ; Fractures, Stress ; pathology ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibia ; surgery ; Tibial Fractures ; surgery

OBJECTIVEThe anterolateral approach to the tibia has been popularized for the management of tibial pilon fractures. For complex fracture patterns a combined anterolateral/anteromedial approach is suitable but a high rate of complication has been reported. In our retrospective study a two-choice strategy adopting a medial tibial approach was proposed for the treatment of pilon fractures with anterior or posterior fragmentation.

METHODSBased on an anatomic study of tibial pilon fractures, we retrospectively analyzed the fractures with primary posterior, posterior-lateral or anterior, anterior-lateral (Tillaux-Chaput) involvement of the distal tibia. This retrospective study consisted of 18 patients with a closed tibial plafond fracture. The inclusion criteria were: (1) pre- sence of an anterior/anterolateral type fragment or a posterior (Volkmann) type fragment involving larger than 25% of the articular surface, (2) a minimum follow-up of 12 months, (3) a fibula fracture associated with a medial column fracture of the distal tibia, and (4) soft tissue conditions at the time of operation that did not compromise the choice of surgical access (Tscherne classification for closed fractures: grade 0 and grade 1). Tibial plafond fractures were classified into two groups: one presenting anterior and the other with posterior rim (Volkmann) fragments.

RESULTSMost patients achieved a good clinical recovery in terms of range of motion and Olerud-Molander scale scores. Only three patients presented a grade 2 osteoarthritis at the 12 month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONOur two-choice strategy highlights concepts which have been previously debated and described in the literature. But a new extended protocol for surgical approach to the distal tibia, including more fracture patterns and their association should be further investigated.

Adult ; Female ; Fibula ; injuries ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation ; methods ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibia ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND: Relatively few studies have addressed plate osteosynthesis for open proximal tibial fractures by now. The purpose of this study was to assess the results of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for open fractures of the proximal tibia. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with an open proximal tibial fracture were treated by MIPO. Thirty of these, who followed for over 1 year, constituted the subject of this retrospective study. According to the AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO-OTA) classification, there were 3 patients of type 41-C, 6 of type 42-A, 8 of type 42-B, and 13 of type 42-C. In terms of the Gustilo and Anderson's open fracture grading system, 11 patients were of grade I, 6 were of grade II, and 13 were of grade III (III-A, 6; III-B, 6; III-C, 1). After thorough debridement and wound cleansing, when necessary, a soft tissue flap was placed. Primary MIPO (simultaneous plate fixation with soft tissue procedures) was performed in 18 patients, and staged MIPO (temporary external fixation followed by soft tissue procedures and subsequent conversion to plate fixation after soft tissue healing) was performed in 12 patients. Results were assessed according to the achievement and time to union, complications (including infections), and function of the knee joint using Knee Society scores. Statistical analysis was performed to identify factors influencing results. RESULTS: Primary union was achieved by 24 of the 30 study subjects. Early bone grafting was performed in 6 cases with a massive initial bone defect expected to result in non-union. No patient had malalignment greater than 10degrees. The mean Knee Society score was 88.7 at final follow-up visits, 23 patients achieved an excellent result, and 7 a good result. There were 3 superficial and 5 deep infections, but none required early implant removal. Functional results were similar for primary and staged MIPO (p = 0.113). Fracture pattern (p = 0.089) and open fracture grade (p = 0.079) were not found to influence the results. CONCLUSIONS: If soft tissue coverage is adequately performed, MIPO could be regarded as an acceptable method for the treatment of open proximal tibial fracture.
Adult ; Aged ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/adverse effects/*methods ; Fractures, Open/*surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive/adverse effects/*methods ; Tibia/pathology/radiography/surgery ; Tibial Fractures/pathology/radiography/*surgery

OBJECTIVETo explore the therapeutic effectiveness of Ilizarov technique in treatment of infected tibial defects combined with overlaying skin defects.

METHODSTwenty-one cases with infected tibial defects combined with skin defects were treated between 2001 and 2008 includeing 18 males and 3 females with an average age of 31 years ranging from 19 to 43 years. The length of bone defect ranged from 3 to 13 cm (means 6 cm). Skin defect area was from 3 cm x 3 cm to 6 cm x 10 cm; 11 cases combined with drop foot, 5 cases with arthrocleisis of knee. Preoperative X-ray of the affected limb was performed and zone of skin necrosis was marked, then the point and length of osteotomized bone, and scope of bone and soft tissue need for removing were determined. The internal fixation were removed. Opening irrigation, vacuum sealing drainage (VSD), and dressing changing were appllied. The skin was fixed with Kirschner wire and bone was transferred with Ilizarov technique in all patients. The lengthening of bone and skin was carried out for 4 to 7 days after surgery, 1/6 to 1/4 mm once, 4 to 6 times a day. The clinical effectiveness was determined mainly through wound and lengthening of skin.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up for from 6 to 62 months (means 49.5 months). Fourteen of 21 cases received one stage treatment, there was still secretion from end of bone in 3 patients whose bone healed after debridement, the other 4 patients were cured via trimming end of bone and compression fusion. The defects of bone were extended to full length in 18 patients. Abutting end was slightly absorbed and became rattailed in 2 cases, there was lack of blood supply to abutting ends in one patient who was cured via bone graft from iliac bone. Skin defects was cured in 18 patients with one stage treatment, the other 3 patients were cured after infection was controlled. The deformity of drop foot were corrected in 11 patients, and function of knee was improved in five patients. The external fixator was removed at 1.2 to 2.6 years after surgery. At last, bone infections were cured, defects of bone and skin recovered in all patients.

CONCLUSIONOne stage treatment of infected tibial defects combined with skin defects using Ilizarov technique has minimal invasion with less complex surgeries, could reduce the time and expense of treatment.

Adult ; Female ; Fractures, Open ; surgery ; Humans ; Ilizarov Technique ; Male ; Necrosis ; Postoperative Complications ; surgery ; Skin ; pathology ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Tibia ; surgery ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; surgery

Adolescent ; Adult ; Altitude ; External Fixators ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Adult ; External Fixators ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recovery of Function ; Tibia ; anatomy & histology ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Tibial Fractures ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome

Adult ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Recovery of Function ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the method and effect of inter-locking intramedullary nail and tripus in closed reduction for treating tibial fracture.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-six patients of tibial fractures were treated by inter-locking intramedullary nail and tripus in closed reduction. There were 76 males and 50 females aged from 25 to 68, the mean age was 38; There were 86 close fractures and 40 open fractures (Gustilo I and II type). AO classification system was used for all cases, fracture type A in 49 cases, type B in 41 cases, type C in 36 cases.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up for 10 to 16 months. Fratures were cured, according to the criteria of Johner-Wruhs, the results were excellent in 103 cases, good in 18 cases, fair in 5 cases.

CONCLUSIONInter-locking intramedullary nail is the optimal operation method in treating tibial fracture. Static locking should be a routine way, and closed reduction, no stripping periosteum, infectious rate and complications are reduced. Through tripus work intensity are reduced and reduction easily during operation.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Nails ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study the feasibility of application of ilium inner table to repair the articular surface defects of tibial plateau complex fractures.

METHODSTwenty-three patients with tibial plateau complex fractures included 17 males and 6 females with an average age of 28.3 years old ranging from 18 to 51 years. The area of the articular surface defects ranged from 1 cmx2 cm to 3 cmx3 cm, averaged 6.7 cm2. Taking ilium inner table with periosteum after trimmed and implanting into the articular surface defect area with the concavity upward and drilled with diameter 1.5 mm Kirschner pin interval 3 to 4 mm. Bone grafting were placed under the ilium inner table and were fixed by T-shaped or L-shaped plate. The wounded limb were braked by plaster for 4 weeks after operation.

RESULTSTwenty-three patients were followed-up for 8 months to 3 years, averaged 13.6 months. X-ray film showed solid union and the smooth articular surface in all cases. According to the Rasmussen evaluation system, the results were excellent in 11 cases, good in 8 cases,fair in 3 cases, poor in 1 case.

CONCLUSIONTaking ilium inner table to repair the articular surface defects of tibial plateau complex fractures is a good resolving measures. It can repaire major area of articular surface defects, restore the smooth articular surface and acquire good function of knee joint with easy to operate, less complications at donor area.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Transplantation ; methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ilium ; anatomy & histology ; Joints ; injuries ; transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effect of three dimensional diaplasis fixation in fracture of tibia and fibula.

METHODSTwenty-one cases of fracture of tibia and fibula were treated with three dimensions fixation (12 males, 9 females, with an average age of 46 years). There were 5 cases in open fracture, 16 cases in closed fracture, and 4 cases in up-segment fracture, 8 cases in mid-segment fracture, 9 cases in below-segment fracture. Oblique fracture were in 10 cases, thrypsis were in 8 cases, multisegmental fracture were in 3 cases.

RESULTS(1) Conditions of diaplasis fracture: dissected diaplasis were in 11 cases, closely dissected diaplasis in 9 cases, functional diaplasis in 1 case. (2) Clinical healing time: the minimum time was 43 days and maximum time was 85 days with an average of 62 days. (3) Conditions of functional recovery: all the patients were followed up from 4 to 12 months, 13 cases were excellent, 8 cases were good. (4) Time of backouting three dimensional diaplasis fixation: the minimum time was 6 weeks and the maximum 12 weeks with an average time of 8.5 weeks.

CONCLUSIONThe three dimensional diaplasis fixation and the fracture extremity from such a three dimensional solid that it can satisfy crus biomechanics for treating fracture of tibia and fibula with unstressed barrier and uncentric stress. Moreover, the three dimensional diaplasis fixation is elastic, it's structure is so fixed that it can be favorable for bone union.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Fibula ; injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation ; instrumentation ; Fracture Healing ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orthopedic Fixation Devices ; Recovery of Function ; Tibial Fractures ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Time Factors ; Young Adult