Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of ischemic stroke. Antiplatelet aggregation is considered as the effective treatment for atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Ticagrelor is a novel P2Y12 receptor antagonist, which has the advantages as rapid onset, strong effect, no need for liver metabolism activation and reversible platelet inhibition. Studies have confirmed that ticagrelor has a better therapeutic effect on ischemic stroke patients who are resistant to clopidogrel; especially in dual antiplatelet therapy, patients used ticagrelor have lower stroke risk and severe hemorrhage risk does not increase in these patients. This article reviews the recent advances in mechanism of ticagrelor and its application in acute ischemic stroke, with the aim of providing references for clinical application of ticagrelor.

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of ischemic stroke. Antiplatelet aggregation is considered as the effective treatment for atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Ticagrelor is a novel P2Y12 receptor antagonist, which has the advantages as rapid onset, strong effect, no need for liver metabolism activation and reversible platelet inhibition. Studies have confirmed that ticagrelor has a better therapeutic effect on ischemic stroke patients who are resistant to clopidogrel; especially in dual antiplatelet therapy, patients used ticagrelor have lower stroke risk and severe hemorrhage risk does not increase in these patients. This article reviews the recent advances in mechanism of ticagrelor and its application in acute ischemic stroke, with the aim of providing references for clinical application of ticagrelor.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the etiology, seizure type and anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) utilization of in-patients with epilepsy Methods The study included 5563 cases in-patients with epilepsy. The etiology and seizure type and the date of type, quantity of AEDs in-patient department were collected and their usage frequency were analyzed statistically. Results The most common etiology of epilepsy was traumatic brain injury(13.64%), followed by hippocampal sclerosis (11.52%), stroke (5.24%), nervous system infection (4.98%), perinatal injury ( 5 . 28 % ) and undefined etiology ( 40 . 80 % ) . The most common seizure type was partial seizures (45.43% ). The AEDs of carbamazepine and valproate were the most common used drugs in the clinical and their average usage frequency were 36.88% and 30.80%, respectively. The newer AEDs of Lamotrigine and Levetiracetam were used more frequently. The use of Lamotrigine increased from 16.16% to 28.44% and the Levetiracetam from 0.61% to 20.87% whereas the use of Oxcarbazepine and Topiramate remained a stable level of 15.07% and 9.42%. Conclusion The etiology of epilepsy is complicated and the seizure type of epilepsy was diverse. Among a great variety of anti-epileptic drugs, the newanti-epileptic drugs are being increasingly used.