Immune dysregulation is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and numerous studies have focused on the impact of immune cell metabolic pathways. Immune system cells dynamically adapt to the microenvironment, regulating the body's response to external stimuli through intricate metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which glycolysis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolisms influence immune metabolism and thereby modulate IBD progression, offering new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.

Objective:To evaluate the characteristics of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its role in diagnosis and disease activity monitoring.Methods:A total of 66 IBD children admitted to Beijing Children′s Hospital from December 2017 to August 2024 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, another 20 age-matched children who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy during the same period in the same hospital and showed no abnormalities were selected as the controls. Clinical data of IBD and control group were collected. Children with IBD were divided into active group and remission group according to clinical score and endoscopic score. The peripheral blood of IBD and control group were collected, and the levels of NET markers, including neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of NET markers in control group and different IBD groups were compared. Independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for group comparisons. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for multiple group comparisons. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between NET markers and IBD activity. The efficacy of laboratory indicators in diagnosing IBD and control group was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:There were 66 children with IBD, including 36 in Crohn′s disease group with the age of (11.0±3.7) years, and 30 in ulcerative colitis (UC) group with the age of (8.3±5.0) years. The control group consisted of 20 children with the age of (10.1±3.5) years. Compared with control group, the levels of NE (958 (771, 1 328) vs. 303 (196, 501) μg/L) and MPO-DNA (0.11 (0.09, 0.18) vs. 0.09 (0.06, 0.12)) in peripheral blood of IBD group were significantly higher (both P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the levels of NE (1 008 (863, 1 301) vs. 807 (567, 1 535) μg/L) and MPO-DNA (0.11 (0.09, 0.21) vs. 0.12 (0.09, 0.14)) between Crohn′s disease and UC groups (both P>0.05). The NE levels in the endoscopic active group and remission group of Crohn's disease were higher than those in the control group (both P<0.05). The MPO-DNA level in the endoscopic active group of Crohn's disease was higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05), while the MPO-DNA level in the endoscopic remission group of Crohn's disease was lower than that in the control group ( P>0.05). The NE levels in the endoscopic activity group and remission group of UC were higher than those in control group (both P<0.05). NET markers were not correlated with the clinical activity and endoscopic activity of IBD (all P>0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of NE combined with MPO-DNA for distinguishing IBD from controls was 0.95, with a sensitivity was 90.0% and a specificity was 89.4%. Conclusion:The combination of NE and MPO-DNA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing pediatric IBD patients from healthy children, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker panel of IBD.

Inflammatory bowel disease（IBD）is a type of disease characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation，mainly including Crohn's disease，ulcerative colitis，and undifferentiated IBD. Its pathogenesis is very complex and involves multiple factors. In recent years，studies have shown that heat shock proteins（HSPs）and cell apoptosis play important roles in the occurrence and progression of IBD. HSPs not only participate in cellular stress response，but also play a crucial role in regulating cell apoptosis. The specific mechanism of the interaction between HSPs and apoptosis in IBD is currently unclear. This article reviews the relationship and mechanism between HSPs and apoptosis in the occurrence and development of IBD，explores the roles of HSPs and apoptosis in IBD，and proposes potential treatment strategies to provide more effective treatment options for IBD patients in the future.

Objective:To analyze the nutritional development status and trends of preschool children aged 3-6 in Changping District,Beijing.Methods:The physical examination informations of preschool children aged 3-6 from over 180 kindergartens who participated in physical examinations in Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Changping District from 2021 to 2023 were collected retrospectively.The malnutrition,vision examination and dental caries of children with different ages across these years were compared.Results:A total of 135 215 children underwent physical examinations from 2021 to 2023,with 43 098 cases in 2021,45 985 cases in 2022,and 46 132 cases in 2023.Among them,there were 601 cases (0.44%) of malnutrition (including underweight,stunted growth,and wasting),and 13 512 cases (9.99%) of excessive nutrition (including overweight and obesity).The prevalence rates of overweight were 7.19%,5.56%,and 5.28% for the years 2021,2022,and 2023,respectively,with the highest rate in 2021; the obesity rates were 4.41%,3.79%,and 3.85% for the same years,also with the highest rate in 2021.The differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05).The analysis of overweight and obese children of different ages in 2021 showed that the highest rate of overweight was in 3-year-olds (8.33%, P<0.05),and the highest rate of obesity was in 6-year-olds (6.19%, P<0.05).The detection rates of dental caries were 51.97%,39.14%,and 49.68%; the total caries treatment rates were 39.39%,43.09%,and 47.34%,showing an increasing trend,with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05).From 2021 to 2023,the detection rates of vision abnormalities among children aged 4 to 6 were 4.93%,3.74%,and 3.71%,respectively; the vision correction rates were 68.71%,76.51%,and 86.27%,showing an increasing trend over the years,with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The issues of overweight/obesity,dental caries,and vision abnormalities remain significant among children aged 3-6 in Changping District,Beijing.There is a need for continued attention to the physical examinations of preschool children and to further strengthen the prevention and control of common diseases in preschoolers to ensure their healthy growth.

Immune dysregulation is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and numerous studies have focused on the impact of immune cell metabolic pathways. Immune system cells dynamically adapt to the microenvironment, regulating the body's response to external stimuli through intricate metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which glycolysis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolisms influence immune metabolism and thereby modulate IBD progression, offering new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.

Objective:To analyze the nutritional development status and trends of preschool children aged 3-6 in Changping District,Beijing.Methods:The physical examination informations of preschool children aged 3-6 from over 180 kindergartens who participated in physical examinations in Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Changping District from 2021 to 2023 were collected retrospectively.The malnutrition,vision examination and dental caries of children with different ages across these years were compared.Results:A total of 135 215 children underwent physical examinations from 2021 to 2023,with 43 098 cases in 2021,45 985 cases in 2022,and 46 132 cases in 2023.Among them,there were 601 cases (0.44%) of malnutrition (including underweight,stunted growth,and wasting),and 13 512 cases (9.99%) of excessive nutrition (including overweight and obesity).The prevalence rates of overweight were 7.19%,5.56%,and 5.28% for the years 2021,2022,and 2023,respectively,with the highest rate in 2021; the obesity rates were 4.41%,3.79%,and 3.85% for the same years,also with the highest rate in 2021.The differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05).The analysis of overweight and obese children of different ages in 2021 showed that the highest rate of overweight was in 3-year-olds (8.33%, P<0.05),and the highest rate of obesity was in 6-year-olds (6.19%, P<0.05).The detection rates of dental caries were 51.97%,39.14%,and 49.68%; the total caries treatment rates were 39.39%,43.09%,and 47.34%,showing an increasing trend,with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05).From 2021 to 2023,the detection rates of vision abnormalities among children aged 4 to 6 were 4.93%,3.74%,and 3.71%,respectively; the vision correction rates were 68.71%,76.51%,and 86.27%,showing an increasing trend over the years,with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The issues of overweight/obesity,dental caries,and vision abnormalities remain significant among children aged 3-6 in Changping District,Beijing.There is a need for continued attention to the physical examinations of preschool children and to further strengthen the prevention and control of common diseases in preschoolers to ensure their healthy growth.

Objective:To evaluate the characteristics of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its role in diagnosis and disease activity monitoring.Methods:A total of 66 IBD children admitted to Beijing Children′s Hospital from December 2017 to August 2024 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, another 20 age-matched children who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy during the same period in the same hospital and showed no abnormalities were selected as the controls. Clinical data of IBD and control group were collected. Children with IBD were divided into active group and remission group according to clinical score and endoscopic score. The peripheral blood of IBD and control group were collected, and the levels of NET markers, including neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of NET markers in control group and different IBD groups were compared. Independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for group comparisons. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for multiple group comparisons. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between NET markers and IBD activity. The efficacy of laboratory indicators in diagnosing IBD and control group was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:There were 66 children with IBD, including 36 in Crohn′s disease group with the age of (11.0±3.7) years, and 30 in ulcerative colitis (UC) group with the age of (8.3±5.0) years. The control group consisted of 20 children with the age of (10.1±3.5) years. Compared with control group, the levels of NE (958 (771, 1 328) vs. 303 (196, 501) μg/L) and MPO-DNA (0.11 (0.09, 0.18) vs. 0.09 (0.06, 0.12)) in peripheral blood of IBD group were significantly higher (both P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the levels of NE (1 008 (863, 1 301) vs. 807 (567, 1 535) μg/L) and MPO-DNA (0.11 (0.09, 0.21) vs. 0.12 (0.09, 0.14)) between Crohn′s disease and UC groups (both P>0.05). The NE levels in the endoscopic active group and remission group of Crohn's disease were higher than those in the control group (both P<0.05). The MPO-DNA level in the endoscopic active group of Crohn's disease was higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05), while the MPO-DNA level in the endoscopic remission group of Crohn's disease was lower than that in the control group ( P>0.05). The NE levels in the endoscopic activity group and remission group of UC were higher than those in control group (both P<0.05). NET markers were not correlated with the clinical activity and endoscopic activity of IBD (all P>0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of NE combined with MPO-DNA for distinguishing IBD from controls was 0.95, with a sensitivity was 90.0% and a specificity was 89.4%. Conclusion:The combination of NE and MPO-DNA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing pediatric IBD patients from healthy children, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker panel of IBD.

The prevalence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease（PIBD）is on the rise globally，leading to a significant disease burden.While there is some comprehension of PIBD's causes，the precise mechanisms remain uncertain.Recent studies have increasingly focused on the interplay of genetic susceptibility，environmental factors，and immune response，with particular emphasis on the involvement of T lymphocytes.Investigating the activation，migration and response patterns of T lymphocytes in PIBD holds promise for identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.This exploration could offer fresh insights for early detection and personalized treatment strategies for children with IBD.This article reviews the pivotal role of T lymphocytes in the development of PIBD，their connection to genetic mutations，and their utility in clinical monitoring，in order to enhance the understanding of PIBD's pathogenesis，and provide reference for both basic research and clinical applications.

FRMD6, a member of the 4.1 ezrin-radixin-moesin domain-containing protein family, has been reported to inhibit tumor progression in multiple cancers. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of FRMD6 in lung cancer progression. We find that FRMD6 is overexpressed in lung cancer tissues relative to in normal lung tissues. In addition, the enhanced expression of FRMD6 is associated with poor outcomes in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (n = 75, P = 0.0054) and lung adenocarcinoma (n = 94, P = 0.0330). Cell migration and proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo are promoted by FRMD6 but are suppressed by the depletion of FRMD6. Mechanistically, FRMD6 interacts and colocalizes with mTOR and S6K, which are the key molecules of the mTOR signaling pathway. FRMD6 markedly enhances the interaction between mTOR and S6K, subsequently increasing the levels of endogenous pS6K and downstream pS6 in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, knocking out FRMD6 inhibits the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in Frmd6^-/- gene KO MEFs and mice. Altogether, our results show that FRMD6 contributes to lung cancer progression by activating the mTOR signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the diagnosis of tuberculous mesenteric lymphadenitis by analyzing its enhancement pattern. Methods The conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound images of 62 patients with tuberculous mesenteric lymphadenitis confirmed by needle core biopsy or surgery were retrospectively analyzed. The location, size, shape, internal echo and posterior enhancement of mesenteric lymph nodes were recorded. All cases were divided into two groups:the maximum diameter of the lymph node≤20 mm and the maximum diameter of the lymph node >20 mm, and the patterns of enhancement in two groups were analyzed. Results The conventional ultrasound of 62 cases with tuberculous mesenteric lymph nodes showed enlargement. And the echogenicity was hypoechoic or heterogeneity, containing punctate or clusters of calcification in 19 cases (30.6%). After CEUS, there were three forms of enhancements:rim enhancement in 29 cases (46.8%);inhomogeneous enhancement in 21cases (33.9%);non-enhancement in 12 cases (19.3%). Rim enhancement was more common in the≤20 mm group, while inhomogeneous enhancement was more common in the lymph nodes>20 mm. There was statistically significant difference of the enhancement type between the≤20 mm group and the>20 mm group (χ2=6.782, P=0.034). Conclusions Most of tuberculous mesenteric lymph nodes showed rim and inhomogeneous enhancement in CEUS, and the sizes of mesenteric lymph node tuberculosis influenced the CEUS enhancement patterns. CEUS may provide useful information for the diagnosis of the tuberculous mesenteric lymph node.