Respiratory viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections continue to rapidly increase in patients worldwide.Host immune responses to respiratory viruses play a key role in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease.Respiratory viruses not only activate antiviral immune responses,but also may lead to uncontrolled inflammatory re-sponses,characterized by significant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in severely infected patients,resulting in lymphopenia,lymphocyte dysfunction,and abnormalities in immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.These respiratory virus-induced im-mune abnormalities may lead to microbial infection,septic shock,and severe multiorgan dysfunction.Therefore,clarifying the immu-nopathogenic mechanisms of patients with respiratory viral infections can guide clinical treatment and patient prognosis;in addition,rational regulation of the immune response of respiratory viruses in the host,including enhancing antiviral immunity while suppressing systemic inflammation,may be the key to successful treatment.This review mainly discusses the immunomodulation and related clini-cal treatment strategies for respiratory viral infections to help develop new therapeutic strategies for respiratory viral infections and pa-tient prognosis.

Within the treatment process of modern stomatology, obtaining exquisite preoperative information is the key to accurate intraoperative planning with implementation and prognostic judgment. However, traditional single mode image has obvious shortcomings, such as "monotonous contents" and "unstable measurement accuracy", which could hardly meet the diversified needs of oral patients. Multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) technique has been introduced into the studies of stomatology in the 1990s, aiming at realizing personalized patients′ data analysis through multiple fusion algorithms, which combines the advantages of multimodal medical images while laying a stable foundation for new treatment technologies. Recently artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly increased the precision and efficiency of MMIF′s registration: advanced algorithms and networks have confirmed the great compatibility between AI and MMIF. This article systematically reviews the development history of the multimodal image fusion technique and its current application in stomatology, while analyzing technological progresses within the domain combined with the background of AI′s rapid development, in order to provide new ideas for achieving new advancements within the field of stomatology.

ObjectiveTo observe ovarian microvascular damage in rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome and to explore the mechanism by which Liangfang Wenjing decoction improves this condition in rats. MethodsFifty SPF female SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， low-dose （8.1 g·kg^-1） and high-dose groups （16.2 g·kg^-1） of Liangfang Wenjing decoction， and a 4-phenylbutyric acid （0.1 g·kg^-1） group， with 10 rats in each group. The ice-water bath method was employed to establish the rat model of cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome. Concurrent with modeling， Liangfang Wenjing decoction was administered continuously for 21 days， once daily. The rats' syndrome manifestations and estrous cycles were recorded. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum reproductive hormone levels and levels of endothelin-1 （ET-1）， nitric oxide （NO）， thrombomodulin （TM）， and von Willebrand factor （vWF） in ovarian tissue. Prothrombin time （PT）， activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）， thrombin time （TT）， and fibrinogen （FIB） were measured. The ovarian microcirculatory blood perfusion was detected by laser speckle contrast imaging. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was performed to observe the ovarian histopathology， flow cytometry to detect ovarian apoptosis rate， and transmission electron microscopy to observe the ultrastructure of ovarian microvascular endothelial cells. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS）， phosphorylated eNOS （p-eNOS）， Caspase-3， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）， C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP）， inositol-requiring enzyme1α （IRE1α）， p-IRE1α， apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 （ASK1）， p-ASK1， c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， and p-JNK. Immunofluorescence was used to detect ovarian Bax and Bcl-2 expression in microvascular endothelial cells. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed signs of cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome， prolonged estrus cycles， and reproductive hormone disorders. Histopathological results revealed a decrease in follicle counts at all stages and disorganized granulosa cell arrangement. Ovarian microcirculatory perfusion was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. PT， APTT， and TT were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while FIB levels were increased （P<0.05）. In ovarian tissue， NO content was decreased， while ET-1， vWF， and TM levels were increased significantly （P<0.01）. The apoptosis rate of ovarian cells was markedly increased （P<0.01）. Furthermore， p-eNOS/eNOS and Bcl-2 were decreased （P<0.05）， whereas Bax， cleaved-Caspase-3/Caspase-3， GRP78， CHOP， p-IRE1α/IRE1α， p-ASK1/ASK1， and p-JNK/JNK expression showed significant increases （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Liangfang Wenjing decoction intervention alleviated the symptoms of cold coagulation and blood stasis， gradually restored the estrus cycle， and improved ovarian histopathology and endothelial cell ultrastructure. Microcirculatory blood perfusion was significantly elevated （P<0.05）. NO content in ovarian tissue was elevated， while ET-1， vWF， and TM levels were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The p-eNOS/eNOS ratio and Bcl-2 expression were significantly elevated （P<0.05）， while the expression of Bax， cleaved-Caspase-3/Caspase-3， GRP78， CHOP， p-IRE1α/IRE1α， p-ASK1/ASK1， and p-JNK/JNK was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionLiangfang Wenjing decoction may regulate the IRE1α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress， attenuate apoptosis， and improve microvascular endothelial injury in ovaries of rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.

Within the treatment process of modern stomatology, obtaining exquisite preoperative information is the key to accurate intraoperative planning with implementation and prognostic judgment. However, traditional single mode image has obvious shortcomings, such as "monotonous contents" and "unstable measurement accuracy", which could hardly meet the diversified needs of oral patients. Multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) technique has been introduced into the studies of stomatology in the 1990s, aiming at realizing personalized patients′ data analysis through multiple fusion algorithms, which combines the advantages of multimodal medical images while laying a stable foundation for new treatment technologies. Recently artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly increased the precision and efficiency of MMIF′s registration: advanced algorithms and networks have confirmed the great compatibility between AI and MMIF. This article systematically reviews the development history of the multimodal image fusion technique and its current application in stomatology, while analyzing technological progresses within the domain combined with the background of AI′s rapid development, in order to provide new ideas for achieving new advancements within the field of stomatology.

Objective:To explore the dosimetric characteristics of proton and photon radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.Methods:Four female breast cancer patients who needed radiotherapy at Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute from January 2024 to May 2024 were selected as the research subjects. The target area ranges of 4 patients were left-sided breast cancer with lymph node involvement, left-sided breast cancer with lymph node involvement and internal mammary node, right-sided breast cancer with lymph node involvement and internal mammary node and synchronous bilateral breast cancer. Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were designed respectively based on the prescribed dose in the target area and the limits of organs at risk (tomotherapy plan for bilateral breasts). The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), gradient index (GI) and organs at risk doses were evaluated. The dosimetric characteristics of IMPT and photon radiotherapy were compared.Results:Both IMPT and photon radiotherapy plans of the 4 breast cancer cases met the clinical dose requirements. The HI value of IMPT plans (0.10-0.14) was comparable to that of photon radiotherapy plans (0.10-0.12), and the average CI of the photon radiotherapy plans was 0.10 higher than that of the IMPT plans, and the average GI was 0.55 lower than that of the IMPT plans. The D mean of ipsilateral lung and heart of IMPT was lower, especially in the low-dose area (V 0-3), which was significantly lower than the photon radiotherapy plans, D mean of ipsilateral lung was reduced by 12.2%, 6.1%, 16.1% and 34.8%, respectively, D mean of heart was reduced by 47.2%, 57.0%, 72.4% and 83.0%, respectively. The ipsilateral lung V 20 of IMPT was not lower than photon radiotherapy plans (unilateral breast: IMPT was 30.0%-34.0%, IMRT was 29.0%-35.9%) . Conclusions:IMPT significantly reduces the D mean to the ipsilateral lung and heart while ensuring dose coverage of the target in breast cancer, preventing more volume of surrounding normal tissues from being irradiated. However, IMPT does not show much more advantage than photon radiotherapy plans in the ipsilateral lung V 20.

Respiratory viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections continue to rapidly increase in patients worldwide.Host immune responses to respiratory viruses play a key role in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease.Respiratory viruses not only activate antiviral immune responses,but also may lead to uncontrolled inflammatory re-sponses,characterized by significant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in severely infected patients,resulting in lymphopenia,lymphocyte dysfunction,and abnormalities in immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.These respiratory virus-induced im-mune abnormalities may lead to microbial infection,septic shock,and severe multiorgan dysfunction.Therefore,clarifying the immu-nopathogenic mechanisms of patients with respiratory viral infections can guide clinical treatment and patient prognosis;in addition,rational regulation of the immune response of respiratory viruses in the host,including enhancing antiviral immunity while suppressing systemic inflammation,may be the key to successful treatment.This review mainly discusses the immunomodulation and related clini-cal treatment strategies for respiratory viral infections to help develop new therapeutic strategies for respiratory viral infections and pa-tient prognosis.

Objective:To investigate WS 582-2017 Specifications for testing of quality control in X and γ ray stereotactic radiotherapy system (hereinafter referred to as WS 582-2017) with respect to its current status, existing problems and evaluation since its implementation in Beijing, Chongqing, Jiangsu and Sichuan. Methods:The evaluation of this standard was carried out by means of field survey, questionnaire survey and expert seminar. In accordance with the WS 582-2017 implementation assessment programme, a total of 153 professionals involved in the implementation of WS 582-2017 from 80 radiological health technical service institutions, health supervision institutions and medical institutions of two municipalities and two provinces were surveyed in 2023. The investigation was carried out by using a combination of cluster sampling and stratified sampling and through sampling professionals with of different institution characteristics and different technical titles. The general survey method was used for Jiangsu province, while the cluster sampling method was used for others, with 153 individulas from 80 institutions being sampled for the investigation.Results:The awareness rate of WS 582-2017 was 80.39%, of which 90.85% considered it to be scientific and rigorous, 81.05% considered it to be operational and 97.39% considered it to be in consistency with the relevant regulatory standards, 90.20% considerd it to have played an important role in promoting radiological protection optimization for radiotherapy, 90.85% considered the implementation of it to have played a significant role in the quality control of standarded testing of radiotherapy equipment, and 86.93% considered the implementation of it to have played a significant role in enhancing the professional competence of relevant technicians.Conclusions:The overall implementation of WS 582-2017 in two municipalities and two provinces is good, with scientific and operable technical contents and the remarkable effect achieved in its implementation. However, the WS 582-2017 needs to be further improved in some areas, and training on the standard needs to be strengthened to improve the awareness rate of it.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features and therapeutic efficacy of patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma(RCC) syndrome-associated RCC (HLRCC-RCC) in China.Methods:The clinical data of 119 HLRCC-RCC patients with fumarate hydratase (FH) germline mutation confirmed by genetic diagnosis from 15 medical centers nationwide from January 2008 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 73 were male and 46 were female. The median age was 38(13, 74) years. The median tumor diameter was 6.5 (1.0, 20.5) cm. There were 38 cases (31.9%) in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱand 81 cases (68.1%) in stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ. In this group, only 11 of 119 HLRCC-RCC patients presented with skin smooth muscle tumors, and 44 of 46 female HLRCC-RCC patients had a history of uterine fibroids. The pathological characteristics, treatment methods, prognosis and survival of the patients were summarized.Results:A total of 86 patients underwent surgical treatment, including 70 cases of radical nephrectomy, 5 cases of partial nephrectomy, and 11 cases of reductive nephrectomy. The other 33 patients with newly diagnosed metastasis underwent renal puncture biopsy. The results of genetic testing showed that 94 patients had FH gene point mutation, 18 had FH gene insertion/deletion mutation, 4 had FH gene splicing mutation, 2 had FH gene large fragment deletion and 1 had FH gene copy number mutation. Immunohistochemical staining showed strong 2-succinocysteine (2-SC) positive and FH negative in 113 patients. A total of 102 patients received systematic treatment, including 44 newly diagnosed patients with metastasis and 58 patients with postoperative metastasis. Among them, 33 patients were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), 8 patients were treated with bevacizumab combined with erlotinib, and 61 patients were treated with TKI monotherapy. Survival analysis showed that the median progression-free survival (PFS) of TKI combined with ICI was 18 (5, 38) months, and the median overall survival (OS) was not reached. The median PFS and OS were 12 (5, 14) months and 30 (10, 32) months in the bevacizumab combined with erlotinib treatment group, respectively. The median PFS and OS were 10 (3, 64) months and 44 (10, 74) months in the TKI monotherapy group, respectively. PFS ( P=0.009) and OS ( P=0.006) in TKI combined with ICI group were better than those in bevacizumab combined with erlotinib group. The median PFS ( P=0.003) and median OS ( P=0.028) in TKI combined with ICI group were better than those in TKI monotherapy group. Conclusions:HLRCC-RCC is rare but has a high degree of malignancy, poor prognosis and familial genetic characteristics. Immunohistochemical staining with strong positive 2-SC and negative FH can provide an important basis for clinical diagnosis. Genetic detection of FH gene germ line mutation can confirm the diagnosis. The preliminary study results confirmed that TKI combined with ICI had a good clinical effect, but it needs to be confirmed by the results of a large sample multi-center randomized controlled clinical study.

Objective:To prepare hydroxyapatite(HA)coating on polyether ether ketone(PEEK)surface by magnetron sputtering technique and to study its biosafety.Methods:Sulfonated PEEK was used to increase the binding area and HA coating was constructed on it using magnetron sputtering technology.SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDAX)were used to detect the construction effect.Cell adhesion assay,cytoskeletal fluorescence staining and SEM validation were used to assess cytologrcal safety.In vivo safety tests were conducted in SD rats and golden hamsters.Results:HA coating with gradient morphology was successfully constructed on the PEEK surface using above technique.The coating promoted cell adhesion,extension and proliferation.No systemic toxicity and no sig-nificant influence in HE staining of the main infernal organs samples were observed.The coating alleviated the oral mucosal irritation caused by simple sulfonation to a certain extent.Conclusion:HA coating can be prepared stably with magnetron sputtering technology and can meet the biosafety needs for clinical applications.

Objective:To investigate WS 582-2017 Specifications for testing of quality control in X and γ ray stereotactic radiotherapy system (hereinafter referred to as WS 582-2017) with respect to its current status, existing problems and evaluation since its implementation in Beijing, Chongqing, Jiangsu and Sichuan. Methods:The evaluation of this standard was carried out by means of field survey, questionnaire survey and expert seminar. In accordance with the WS 582-2017 implementation assessment programme, a total of 153 professionals involved in the implementation of WS 582-2017 from 80 radiological health technical service institutions, health supervision institutions and medical institutions of two municipalities and two provinces were surveyed in 2023. The investigation was carried out by using a combination of cluster sampling and stratified sampling and through sampling professionals with of different institution characteristics and different technical titles. The general survey method was used for Jiangsu province, while the cluster sampling method was used for others, with 153 individulas from 80 institutions being sampled for the investigation.Results:The awareness rate of WS 582-2017 was 80.39%, of which 90.85% considered it to be scientific and rigorous, 81.05% considered it to be operational and 97.39% considered it to be in consistency with the relevant regulatory standards, 90.20% considerd it to have played an important role in promoting radiological protection optimization for radiotherapy, 90.85% considered the implementation of it to have played a significant role in the quality control of standarded testing of radiotherapy equipment, and 86.93% considered the implementation of it to have played a significant role in enhancing the professional competence of relevant technicians.Conclusions:The overall implementation of WS 582-2017 in two municipalities and two provinces is good, with scientific and operable technical contents and the remarkable effect achieved in its implementation. However, the WS 582-2017 needs to be further improved in some areas, and training on the standard needs to be strengthened to improve the awareness rate of it.