Lipoatrophic diabetes(LD) is a rare and distinct form of diabetes characterized by notable clinical heterogeneity. It is often considered one of the manifestations of lipodystrophy syndrome(LDS). In clinical practice, LD is frequently misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes; however, its management protocols and prognostic outcomes differ significantly from those of other diabetes subtypes. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis is of great clinical importance. This paper presents two detailed case reports of female patients with LD. Through an in-depth analysis of their clinical features, it also provides an comprehensive review of the key clinical manifestations of LDS, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and current approaches to genetic diagnosis. The aim is to enhance clinicans′ awareness of LDS and improve corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Lipoatrophic diabetes(LD) is a rare and distinct form of diabetes characterized by notable clinical heterogeneity. It is often considered one of the manifestations of lipodystrophy syndrome(LDS). In clinical practice, LD is frequently misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes; however, its management protocols and prognostic outcomes differ significantly from those of other diabetes subtypes. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis is of great clinical importance. This paper presents two detailed case reports of female patients with LD. Through an in-depth analysis of their clinical features, it also provides an comprehensive review of the key clinical manifestations of LDS, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and current approaches to genetic diagnosis. The aim is to enhance clinicans′ awareness of LDS and improve corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Objective:To investigate the effect of tocilizumab (TCZ) on ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after myocardial infarction (MI) in Sprague-Dawley rats and explore its potential mechanism.Methods:The random number table method was used to divide 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats into 4 groups: Sham group, TCZ group, MI group and MI+TCZ group, with 8 rats in each group. The MI model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery in the MI and MI+TCZ groups, and only sutured without ligation in the Sham and TCZ groups. TCZ was injected into the left superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of rats in the TCZ and MI+TCZ groups after successful modeling or sham operation, and the same amount of normal saline was injected in the Sham and MI groups. 24 h after successful modeling, ECG of rats in each group was recorded, heart rate variability (HRV, including low frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF), LF/HF ratio), QT interval, QTc interval were calculated, and left ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) and VA inducibility were measured. Myocardial infarct size and tissue changes were observed with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and HE staining. Real-time PCR analysis was used to detect the messager RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 in SCG and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 (Kcnd2) in myocardial infarction periphery. The expression of c-fos in SCG was detected by immunofluorescence staining.Results:Compared with Sham group and MI+TCZ group, rats in MI group had higher LF and LF/HF ratio, longer QT interval and QTc interval, more VAs induced, lower HF and shorter ERP ( P all<0.05). Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and HE staining showed that rats in the Sham and TCZ groups had normal myocardial tissue structure, those in the MI group had severe myocardial injury, and those in the MI+TCZ group had less myocardial injury than those in the MI group. Real-ime PCR analysis showed that compared with Sham group and MI+TCZ group, mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and STAT3 in SCG of rats in MI group were higher, and mRNA expression level of myocardial Kcnd2 was lower ( P all<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the content of c-fos in SCG of rats in MI group was higher than that of Sham group and MI+TCZ group ( P all<0.05). Conclusions:TCZ may reduce neural activity of the SCG after MI by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby alleviating myocardial injury and inhibiting VAs.

Articular cartilage (AC) injuries often lead to cartilage degeneration and may ultimately result in osteoarthritis (OA) due to the limited self-repair ability. To date, numerous intra-articular delivery systems carrying various therapeutic agents have been developed to improve therapeutic localization and retention, optimize controlled drug release profiles and target different pathological processes. Due to the complex and multifactorial characteristics of cartilage injury pathology and heterogeneity of the cartilage structure deposited within a dense matrix, delivery systems loaded with a single therapeutic agent are hindered from reaching multiple targets in a spatiotemporal matched manner and thus fail to mimic the natural processes of biosynthesis, compromising the goal of full cartilage regeneration. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of sequential delivery strategies targeting multiple pathological processes. In this review, we first summarize the current status and progress achieved in single-drug delivery strategies for the treatment of AC diseases. Subsequently, we focus mainly on advances in multiple drug delivery applications, including sequential release formulations targeting various pathological processes, synergistic targeting of the same pathological process, the spatial distribution in multiple tissues, and heterogeneous regeneration. We hope that this review will inspire the rational design of intra-articular drug delivery systems (DDSs) in the future.

Synthetic plastics have been widely used in various fields of the national economy and are the pillar industry. However, irregular production, plastic product use, and plastic waste piling have caused long-term accumulation in the environment, contributing considerably to the global solid waste stream and environmental plastic pollution, which has become a global problem to be solved. Biodegradation has recently emerged as a viable disposal method for a circular plastic economy and has become a thriving research area. In recent years, important breakthroughs have been made in the screening, isolation, and identification of plastic-degrading microorganisms/enzyme resources and their further engineering, which provide new ideas and solutions for treating microplastics in the environment and the closed-loop bio-recycling of waste plastics. On the other hand, the use of microorganisms (pure cultures or consortia) to further transform different plastic degradants into biodegradable plastics and other compounds with high added value is of great significance, promoting the development of a plastic recycling economy and reducing the carbon emission of plastics in their life cycle. We edited a Special Issue on the topic of "Biotechnology of Plastic Waste Degradation and Valorization", focusing on the researches progress in three aspects: Mining microbial and enzyme resources for plastic biodegradation, Design and engineering of plastic depolymerase, and biological high-value transformation of plastic degradants. In total, 16 papers have been collected in this issue including reviews, comments, and research articles, which provide reference and guidance for further development of plastic waste degradation and valorization biotechnology.
Biodegradable Plastics ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biotechnology

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of transurethral thulium laser coagulation combined with hyperbaric oxygen（HBO）therapy in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis（RIHC）.Methods:From January 2014 to June 2020，10 patients with gross hematuria were diagnosed as RIHC in the Department of Urology of the Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 7 males and 3 females，with an average age of 69.4 yrs（range 47-81）. Their mean baseline hemoglobin level was 91.4 g/L（range 58-123）and mean overactive bladder syndrome score（OABSS）was 7.8（range 3-13）. All patients received transurethral thulium laser coagulation combined with HBO therapy and were followed up at 1，3，6，and 12 months after treatment. The follow-up examination included gross hematuria evaluation，OABSS，detection of hemoglobin，and the count of microscopic red blood cells. Cystoscopies were also performed at month 6 and 12 to assess the therapeutic effects.Results:All patients completed the treatment. No grade 3-4 perioperative complications occurred，and no severe side effects such as severe barotrauma，oxygen poisoning，and decompression sickness were found during HBO therapy. After treatment，the hemoglobin levels at month 1，3，6 and 12 were significantly increased，and the results of OABSS were significantly decreased at all time points. The increases of hemoglobin at month 1 and 3 as well as the decrease of OABSS at month 1 showed statistically significant difference from their former performance，respectively（ P<0.05）. In the follow-up at month 12，the cystoscopies showed that 6 patients were cured，3 patients got their symptoms relieved，while 1 patient still suffered from gross hematuria repeatedly. The total effective rate of the combined treatment was 90%. Conclusion:Transurethral thulium laser coagulation combined with HBO has a high effective rate. It can significantly improve gross hematuria and relieve urinary tract symptoms. Thus it’s an effective treatment method for RIHC.

Objective:To analyze the changes of thyroid volume before and after supplementation with lipiodol pills in children with goiter, and to evaluate the recovery effect of lipiodol pills supplementation on children with goiter in the short term.Methods:In October 2018, 4 townships and towns in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture with relatively serious historical conditions and high goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 were selected for thyroid examination in 19 primary schools within the jurisdiction. Sixty children with goiter were selected as research subjects; at the same time, 138 children of the same age with normal thyroid B-ultrasound examination results were selected as control in the same period. Under the condition of normal diet, children with goiter were intervened by taking 200 mg lipiodol pills at one time. After 6 months, the thyroid volume of children with goiter and control children was measured by B-ultrasound.Results:Fifty-three children with goiter were finally included, with a sex ratio of 1.00 ∶ 1.04 (26 ∶ 27). There were 138 control children in the same period, with a sex ratio of 1.00 ∶ 1.30 (60 ∶ 78). Six months after taking lipiodol pills, the median thyroid volume of children with goiter was 3.7 ml, which was significantly different from that before supplementing with lipidol pills (5.8 ml, Z = - 7.95, P < 0.001), and not significantly different from that of control children (4.1 ml) in the same period ( Z = - 0.91, P = 0.365). Among them, 90.6% (48/53) of children with goiter recovered to the normal range, and 100.0% (15/15), 81.8% (18/22) and 93.8% (15/16) children's thyroid recovered returned to the normal range in the 8-, 9-, and 10-year-old age groups, respectively, and the highest proportion was in the 8-year-old age group. Stratified by age and gender, the thyroid volume of children with goiter in all age groups and gender after supplementation with lipiodol pills was lower than that before supplementation with lipiodol pills ( P < 0.001), but there was no difference compared with the control children in the same period ( P > 0.05). After supplementing with lipiodol pills, the diameters of thyroid in children with goiter were significantly lower than those before supplementing with lipiodol pills ( P < 0.001). Compared with the control children in the same period, there were significant differences in the right width, left length and right long diameter of the thyroid ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:Supplementing lipiodol pills can restore the thyroid volume of 8 - 10 year old children with goiter to normal range in a short term, and can effectively treat simple goiter.

Objective:To explore the long-term efficacy of a modified unilateral cutaneous ureterostomy in bladder cancer patients receiving radical cystectomy.Methods:The medical data of 104 bladder cancer patients who underwent ureterostomy in our hospital from Janurary 2013 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into unilateral and bilateral group. The unilateral group contained 66 cases, with 53 males and 13 females, average age (71.8±9.8) years, body mass index (BMI)(23.3±3.2)kg/m 2. The bilateral group contained 38 cases, with 33 males and 5 females, average age (75.1±10.8) years; BMI (22.7±3.0)kg/m 2. There was no significant difference in the above characteristics between the two groups ( P>0.05). The pathology, survival status, long-term complications between the two groups were compared. Quality of life was assessed during follow-up using the European Core Questionnaire for Quality of Life in Cancer Patients (EORTC QLQ-C30). Results:The unilateral group contained 46(69.7%) muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cases, 15 (22.7%) cases with lymph node metastasis, 7 (10.6%) cases with distant metastasis. The bilateral group contained 24(63.2%) muscle invasive bladder cancer(MIBC) cases, 6 (15.8%) cases with lymph node metastasis, 2 (5.3%) cases with distant metastasis. There was no significant difference in disease specific survival between the two groups ( P>0.05). During the follow-up, the incidence of overall complication rate in the unilateral group was significantly lower than that in the bilateral group [43.9% (29/66) vs. 63.2% (24/38), P<0.001]. The incidence of pyelonephritis in unilateral group was significantly lower than that in the bilateral group [16.6%(11/66) vs. 42.1%(16/38), P=0.006]. There was no statistical significance in terms of quality of life before operation in the two groups. After operation, both physical function score[(54.9±7.1) vs.(49.2±6.7)] and emotional function score [(63.1±6.4) vs.(59.9±6.7)] in unilateral group were higher than that in bilateral group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The modified unilateral cutaneous ureterostomy could achieve relatively low complication rate, and improve the quality of life to some extent compared with bilateral ureterostomy.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of transurethral thulium laser coagulation combined with hyperbaric oxygen（HBO）therapy in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis（RIHC）.Methods:From January 2014 to June 2020，10 patients with gross hematuria were diagnosed as RIHC in the Department of Urology of the Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 7 males and 3 females，with an average age of 69.4 yrs（range 47-81）. Their mean baseline hemoglobin level was 91.4 g/L（range 58-123）and mean overactive bladder syndrome score（OABSS）was 7.8（range 3-13）. All patients received transurethral thulium laser coagulation combined with HBO therapy and were followed up at 1，3，6，and 12 months after treatment. The follow-up examination included gross hematuria evaluation，OABSS，detection of hemoglobin，and the count of microscopic red blood cells. Cystoscopies were also performed at month 6 and 12 to assess the therapeutic effects.Results:All patients completed the treatment. No grade 3-4 perioperative complications occurred，and no severe side effects such as severe barotrauma，oxygen poisoning，and decompression sickness were found during HBO therapy. After treatment，the hemoglobin levels at month 1，3，6 and 12 were significantly increased，and the results of OABSS were significantly decreased at all time points. The increases of hemoglobin at month 1 and 3 as well as the decrease of OABSS at month 1 showed statistically significant difference from their former performance，respectively（ P<0.05）. In the follow-up at month 12，the cystoscopies showed that 6 patients were cured，3 patients got their symptoms relieved，while 1 patient still suffered from gross hematuria repeatedly. The total effective rate of the combined treatment was 90%. Conclusion:Transurethral thulium laser coagulation combined with HBO has a high effective rate. It can significantly improve gross hematuria and relieve urinary tract symptoms. Thus it’s an effective treatment method for RIHC.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To make a textual research on ethnic medicine Paederiae Herba，and to provide reference for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of Paederiae Herba. METHODS：Five materia medica works such as Compendium of Materia Medica Collection and Examination of Plant Names and Actual Maps，55 modern materia medica works such as Chinese materia medica and Flora of China published from 1960 to 2016，and a number of literatures were synthesized and sorted out. The name，original species，origins，harvesting and processing，flavor and meridian tropism and so on of P. scandens were studied. Its mainstream varieties were mainly clarified and use of them in various nationalities were sorted out. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The name of“Paederiae Herba”was first recorded in the Qing Dynasty’s Examination of Plant Names and Actual Maps. The main variety of Paederiae Herba was Paederia scandens （Lour.） Merr.，also known as “Jishiteng”. The medicinal part was the aboveground part. It distributed in bushes of hillsides，forests，forest margins，valleys and shrubs at an altitude of 200 to 2 000 meters or wound around shrubs. It was mainly produced in the Yangtze River Valley of China and its southern regions. The processing methods are mostly shade-drying or removing impurities，washing，cutting and drying. Its sweet， astringent，flat，and it can be used for digestion，pain relief，detoxification and clearing damp，and can be used for food retention， chest，abdomen and abdomen pain，eczema，sores，swelling and pain. It was used in the folk of Miao，Tujia and Zhuang nationalities in China. There are still some problems such as mixed varieties and different processing methods in the market circulation. All these have brought many challenges to the research of quality standard of Paederiae Herba.