Objective:To investigate the impact of ginseng alcohol extract(GEE)on improving sleep quality in the aged Drosophila model by regulating the redox balance,and to elucidate its associated mechanism.Methods:Thirty-two male drosophila melanogaster(7-days-old)were randomly selected as young group,while 64 male Drosophila melanogaster flies(35-days-old)were randomly assigned to aged model group(n=32)and GEE group(n=32).The sleep parameters,including total sleep duration,daytime sleep duration,night sleep duration,0-4 h of sleep duration after lights off(ZT0-4 sleep duration),deep sleep duration,sleep episodetimes,sleep fragmentation,and the activity parameters such as the total number of locomotor activity daytime locomotor activity amount and nighttime locomotor activity amount were analyzed using the DAM2 Drosophila behavioral analysis system 7 d after administration.The grouping of the drosophila was as above,and there were 100 drosophila ineach group.The differentially expressed proteins in drosophila brain tissue were screened,identified,and functionally analyzed using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis(2D-DIGE)and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS)proteomic methods.The grouping of the drosophila was as above,and there were 100 drosophila in each group.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and the levels of lipid peroxidation product(MDA)in brain tissue of the drosophila were determined using assay kits.Results:Compared with young group,the total sleep duration daytime sleep duration and night sleep cluration of the drosophila in agaed group were decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);and the sleep rhythm amplitude was shortened.Compared with aged group,the total sleep duration and daytime and nighttime sleep durations of the drosphila in GEE group were lengthened(P<0.01).Compared with young group,the ZT0-4 sleep duration deep sleep duration and sleep fragment of the drosophila in aged group were decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the sleep rhythm amplitude was shortened.Compared with young group,the ZT0-4 sleep duration,deep sleep duration,and single sleep fragment of the drosphila in GEE group were significantly prolonged(P<0.01),and the sleep amplitude was increased.Compared with young group,there was no significant difference in diurnal spontaneous activity or total spontaneous activity of the drosophila in aged group(P>0.05),while the nocturnal spontaneous activity was significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with aged group,the diurnal spontaneous activity,nocturnal spontaneous activity,and total spontaneous activity of the drosophila in GEE group were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).A total of 47 differentially expressed proteins were selected in the 2D-DIGE electrophoretic mapping.Compared with young group,the expressions of 47 differentially expressed protein sites in aged group were down-regulated mainly including glutathione S-transferase,peroxiredoxin 1 and dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase,which were related to redox balance.Compared with young group,the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px in brain tissue of the drosophila in aged group were decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the level of MDA was increased(P<0.01);compared with aged group,the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px in brain tissue of the drosphila in GEE group were increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the MDA level was decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:GEE has improvement effect on the sleep quality of aged drosophila,and its possible mechanism may be related to upregulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes,inhibiting the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products,and maintaining redox balance.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Yishen daluo decoction on inflammatory factors and cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）/protein kinase A （PKA）/cAMP response element binding protein （CREB） signal pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE） model mice by inhibiting the expressions of β-arrestin1， and to explore the mechanism of Yishen daluo decoction in the treatment of EAE. METHODS Sixty mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， TCM group （Yishen daluo decoction 20 g/kg）， positive control group （prednisone acetate 3.9 mg/kg）， β-arrestin1 siRNA adeno- associated virus （AAV-β） group， AAV-β+TCM group， with 10 mice in each group. Except for normal group， EAE model was made in other groups. AAV-β group and AAV-β+TCM group were injected with AAV-β via tail vein to interfere with the expression of β -arrestin1 protein. Starting from the 8th day of modeling， they were given corresponding drug solution/normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 14 days. The neurological function score of mice was detected； the pathological and morphological changes were observed in the brain and spinal cord tissues of mice； the serum levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin-2 （IL-2）， IL-23， interferon-γ （IFN-γ）] in mice were determined； the expressions of β-arrestin1， cAMP， PKA and CREB in brain and spinal cord were detected. RESULTS Compared with normal group， neurological function scores， serum levels of inflammatory factors， and protein expressions of β-arrestin1 in brain and spinal cord were significantly increased （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）； protein expressions of PKA， CREB and cAMP in brain and spinal cord were decreased significantly（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The deep staining of cellular shrinkage and aggregation of inflammatory cells were observed in most neurons of the brain and spinal cord， with varying degrees of demyelinating. Compared with model group， the neurological function scores， pathological changes in brain and spinal cord tissues， and most indicators （except for CREB and cAMP proteins in the brain tissue of AAV-β group） were significantly reversed （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）.Compared with AAV- β group， the neurological function scores， the levels of IFN-γ in serum and β-arrestin1 in spinal cord were significantly decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， PKA and cAMP in brain and spinal cord tissues were significantly increased in AAV- β +TCM group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Yishen daluo decoction can inhibit the expression of β-arrestin1 in the central nervous system thus activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway， relieving nervous system inflammation， and ultimately alleviates the symptoms of EAE.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the management and outcome of cerebrospinal fluid leakage (CSFL) after cervical surgery.

METHODSMedical records of 642 patients who underwent cervical surgery between December 1999 and December 2005 at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Five patients complicated by CSFL after surgery were enrolled, of which 4 cases were complicated after ossified posterior longitudinal ligament or posterior vertebral osteophyte resection directly injuring the dura, and 1 case after posterior cervical double-door laminoplasty without observed dural injury during surgery. Of the 5 CSFL cases, 4 cases occurred at 1-3 days after operation and 1 case at 9 days after operation. All 5 postoperative CSFL cases were treated through wound drainage removal, wound sutures, prophylactic antibiotics, and continuous subarachnoid drainage in the elevated head position.

RESULTSAll 5 CSFL cases experienced leakage cessation within 1-3 days and wound healing within 4-8 days, and subarachnoid drainage lasted 11-16 days with an average volume of 320 mL (range, 150-410 mL). Four cases experienced headache, nausea and vomiting, 1 case suffered from somnolence and hyponatremia, and symptoms subsided after symptomatic treatment and intravenous fluid administration. All patients were followed up for an average of 32 months (range, 22-50 months). No occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid cyst or wound infection was observed. CSFL produced no significant negative effects upon neuromuscular function recovery.

CONCLUSIONContinuous subarachnoid cavity drainage in combination with elevated head position is a simple and safe non-surgical method in treatment of CSFL following cervical surgery.

Cerebrospinal Fluid ; metabolism ; Cervical Vertebrae ; surgery ; Dura Mater ; injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Subdural Effusion ; etiology ; therapy

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Scoliosis ; congenital ; etiology ; surgery ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine ; abnormalities ; surgery