Vaccination is the most cost-effective means of prevention and control of infectious diseases,and is a prioritized strategy for responding to pandemic diseases.Based on experience related to research and development of vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),we used literature research and expert consultation methods to screen thirty key technologies in nine sub-fields of vaccine technology,which were ranked according to the importance,urgency,innovation and feasibility so as to show where every key technology stood in relation to others in the pineline.The priorities of development of key technologies for vaccines in response to major emerging infectious diseases were recommended to provide reference for related decision-makers in their effort to rationalize research resources and maximize the benefits.

From Vietnam War to Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom,hemorrhage remains the leading cause of combat death.The U.S.army has made great strides in research and development of hemorrhage control products and various tourniquets and hemostatic dressings have been fielded on the battlefield.This paper introduces current status of hemostatic products and hemorrhage control products.Currently,there are extremity tourniquets and junctional tourniquets.The hemostatic products include HemCon bandages,QuciClot granular and gauze,Celox gauze,XStat,etc.Meanwhile,the author summarizes three development trends of US military hemostatic products,ie,prehospital application of tourniquets,emphasis on hemorrhage control in junctional regions,and gauze hemostatic adjuncts preference.This review offers materials for fully understanding war wound treatment of U.S.army.

Objective By analyzing domestic and foreign papers on plague research with bibliometrics and visualized methods, we explored the current situation research trends and cutting-edge dynamics in order to provide information sup-port for plague research as well as strategies for countering bioterrorism.Methods Based on data sources from SCI and CNKI databases, bibliometrics and visualized methods were adopted,including Pajek,VOSviewer, Bibexcel and Citespace, so as to show the major cutting-edge areas of plague research.Results Comprehensive research analysis showed that the USA is leading in plague research, with some strong related institutions.There is still a gap between China and international community for research.Academy of Military Medical Sciences and other institutions are our main plague research efforts. Conclusion We should strengthen plague research, improve our overall level of plague research to provide the necessary support for effective response to natural epidemics and potential bioterrorism incidents.

Based on a study of the relationship between research hospitals and furthering of the healthcare reform,the authors hold that a key to the ongoing reform lies in building the hierarchical medical system,an objective in building and development of research hospitals as well.Furthering of the reform will highlight advantages of such hospitals,as they can play an important role in leading practice with theoretical innovation,translating frontier technology to clinical use,promoting the system to serve primary care,and upgrading quality effectiveness at general level.

Objective To identify research fronts of synthetic biology by mapping knowledge domains .Methods The research articles were clustered by co-cited analysis and bibliographic coupling while research domains of synthetic biology were mapped using software VOSviewer .Results There were seven research clusters by co-cited analysis and 32 clusters by bibliographic coupling .The articles published in the last two years have changed the structure of research domains .Con-clusion Bibliographic coupling is better at recognizing research fronts .Synthetic bioengineering , RNA expression , biology bone, biology library,and biology parts are research fronts of synthetic biology .

To curb the increase in health care costs and improve government efficiency , a series of structural and governance reforms for U.S.Military Health System(MHS) were implemented, which is the biggest structural organizational change in the MHS′s history.The reform focusing on the establishment of Defense Health Agency ( DHA) and enhancement of multi-service markets will achieve its goal by the end of 2015.This paper analyzes the major reasons for the reform and changes of the U.S.MHS before and after the reform and offer some tips for the reform of the Chinese Military Health System .

Objective To analyze domestic and foreign papers on H5N1 virus research using literature metrology and visualized knowledge mapping.Methods Pajek, Bibexcel,and VoSviewer software were used based on Web of Knowledge platform.Results Study on H5N1 virus has been a research focus wide since 2005 and a series of institutions and investi-gators have appeared, with US being the leader in this area and followed by China.The most popular topics of studies on H5N1 included its virology, epidemiology, basic research, anti-virus drugs and vaccines.Conclusion Studies on H5N1 have received more attention, which suggests that more efforts have to be made in China in terms of communication and co-operation with key institutions and famous researchers so as to achieve more success in key areas.

Objective To find the course of theme evolution for study of medical protection against nerve agents.Meth-ods A method of information visualization based on co-cited analysis was used.The research domain of medical protection against nerve agents was mapped using software VOSviewer.Results There were five research clusters including clinical research, oxime reactivators, detoxification and detection,and bioscavengers.Conclusion Theme evolution is described and research trends are predicted.

Objective To explore the development of the anthrax research field in order to provide information and strategies for anti-bioterrorism in China.Methods Pajek, Vosviewer, Bibexcel running on Web of Knowledge platform, and Excel running on CSCD platform were used.Results According to the results of anthrax literature metrology,the USA is by far the leader in research while the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other in-stitutions are our main anthrax research institutions in China, but there is a gap between China and international research institutions.Conclusion We should strengthen anthrax research, improve the overall research strength, and provide the necessary protection to respond to potential bioterrorism incidents.

The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is a national repository of antibiotics, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, life-support medications , intravenous administration , airway maintenance supplies , and medical/surgical items.It is designed to supply and resupply state and local public health agencies in the event of a national emergency anywhere and at any time within the United States or its territories .This article introduces the development , emergency supplies reserve and maintenance of the SNS .