Ulcerative colitis（UC） is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa and submucosa， and its complex pathogenesis involves immune abnormality， oxidative stress and other factors. The nuclear transcription factor E₂-related factor 2（Nrf2）， encoded by the Nfe212 gene， plays a central role in antioxidant responses. It not only activates various antioxidant response elements such as heme oxygenase-1（HO-1） and quinone oxidoreductase 1（NQO1）， but also enhances the activity of glutathione-S-transferase（GST） and superoxide dismutase 1（SOD1）， effectively eliminating reactive oxygen species（ROS） accumulated in the body， and mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage to intestinal mucosa. In addition， Nrf2 can reduce the release of inflammatory factors and infiltration of immune cells by regulating immune response， cell apoptosis and autophagy pathways， thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation and promoting the repair and regeneration of damaged mucosa. Based on this， this paper reviews the research progress of Chinese materia medica in the prevention and treatment of UC by modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. It deeply explores the physiological role of Nrf2， the molecular mechanism of activation， the protective effect in the pathological process of UC， and how active ingredients in Chinese materia medica regulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway through multiple pathways to exert their potential mechanisms. These studies have revealed in depth that Chinese materia medica can effectively combat oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. It can also play a role in anti-inflammatory， promoting autophagy， inhibiting apoptosis， protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier， and promoting intestinal mucosal repair， providing new ideas and methods for the multi-faceted treatment of UC.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the value of serum cystatin C (CysC) levels in evaluating renal prognosis in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients. METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical data of IgAN patients diagnosed by renal biopsy at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January, 2014 to December, 2018. Based on baseline serum CysC levels, the patients were divided into high serum CysC (>1.03 mg/L) group and normal serum CysC (≤1.03 mg/L) group. The composite endpoint for poor renal prognosis was defined as ≥50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Lasso regression, multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to identify the risk factors and compare renal survival rates between the two groups. Smooth curves fitting and threshold effect analysis were used to explore the relationship between serum CysC levels and the outcomes. A nomogram model was constructed and its predictive performance was evaluated using concordance index, calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under curve (AUC). RESULTS: A total of 356 IgAN patients were enrolled, who were followed up for 4.65±0.93 years. The composite endpoint occurred in 74 patients. High serum CysC was identified as an independent risk factor for poor renal prognosis in IgAN (HR=2.142, 95% CI 1.222 to 3.755), and the patients with high serum CysC levels had a lower renal survival rate (Log-rank χ²=47.970, P<0.001). In patients with serum CysC below 2.12 mg/L, a higher CysC level was associated with an increased risk of poor renal prognosis (β=3.487, 95% CI: 2.561-4.413, P<0.001), while above this level, the increase of the risk was not significant (β=0.676, 95% CI: -0.642-1.995, P=0.315). The nomogram model based on serum CysC and 3 other independent risk factors demonstrated good internal validity with a concordance index of 0.873 (95% CI: 0.839-0.907) and an AUC of 0.909 (95% CI: 0.873-0.945). CONCLUSIONS Serum CysC levels are associated with renal prognosis in IgAN patients, and high serum CysC an independent risk factor for poor renal prognosis.
Humans ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/diagnosis* ; Cystatin C/blood* ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Nomograms ; Middle Aged

Frostbite is the most common cold injury and is caused by both immediate cold-induced cell death and the gradual development of localized inflammation and tissue ischemia. Delayed healing of frostbite often leads to scar formation, which not only causes psychological distress but also tends to result in the development of secondary malignant tumors. Therefore, a rapid healing method for frostbite wounds is urgently needed. Herein, we used a mouse skin model of frostbite injury to evaluate the recovery process after frostbite. Moreover, single-cell transcriptomics was used to determine the patterns of changes in monocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and fibroblasts during frostbite. Most importantly, human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived skin organoids combined with gelatin-hydrogel were constructed for the treatment of frostbite. The results showed that skin organoid treatment significantly accelerated wound healing by reducing early inflammation after frostbite and increasing the proportions of epidermal stem cells. Moreover, in the later stage of wound healing, skin organoids reduced the overall proportions of fibroblasts, significantly reduced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition by regulating the integrin α5β1-FAK pathway, and remodeled the extracellular matrix (ECM) through degradation and reassembly mechanisms, facilitating the restoration of physiological ECM and reducing the abundance of ECM associated with abnormal scar formation. These results highlight the potential application of organoids for promoting the reversal of frostbite-related injury and the recovery of skin functions. This study provides a new therapeutic alternative for patients suffering from disfigurement and skin dysfunction caused by frostbite.
Animals ; Organoids/metabolism* ; Mice ; Humans ; Wound Healing ; Frostbite/metabolism* ; Skin/pathology* ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology* ; Cicatrix/pathology* ; Fibroblasts/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism* ; Male

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) refers to the presence of replicable viral DNA in the liver of individuals with negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), while HBV DNA can be detectable or undetectable in the serum, which is a special form of HBV DNA infection. In OBI carriers, the negative HBsAg in blood and the extremely low or fluctuating content of HBV DNA make it difficult in clinical detection. There is a risk for developing into occult cirrhosis and liver cancer, and it increases the potential danger of hepatitis B virus transmission during blood transfusion, hemodialysis and organ transplantation. Therefore, deep study of the pathogenic mechanism of OBI and searching for specific and sensitive detection markers are crucial for more timely and standardized diagnosis, treatment and prevention. This paper reviews the current situation of occult hepatitis B virus infection and the development of laboratory detection techniques in recent years, and discusses more efficient laboratory diagnostic techniques and markers based on its potential pathogenic mechanism.

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) refers to the presence of replicable viral DNA in the liver of individuals with negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), while HBV DNA can be detectable or undetectable in the serum, which is a special form of HBV DNA infection. In OBI carriers, the negative HBsAg in blood and the extremely low or fluctuating content of HBV DNA make it difficult in clinical detection. There is a risk for developing into occult cirrhosis and liver cancer, and it increases the potential danger of hepatitis B virus transmission during blood transfusion, hemodialysis and organ transplantation. Therefore, deep study of the pathogenic mechanism of OBI and searching for specific and sensitive detection markers are crucial for more timely and standardized diagnosis, treatment and prevention. This paper reviews the current situation of occult hepatitis B virus infection and the development of laboratory detection techniques in recent years, and discusses more efficient laboratory diagnostic techniques and markers based on its potential pathogenic mechanism.

Due to the decreasing age of onset and the postponement of childbearing, there is a growing number of patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) and endometrial atypical hyperplasia (EAH) seeking fertility-sparing treatments. Progestogen-based therapy serves as the principal conservative approach for EC. However, the variability in treatment outcomes hampers the potential for delivering more tailored therapies in clinical practice. To better guide the treatment of patients with fertility preservation needs, we conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature to explore factors related to molecular classification, biomarkers and artificial intelligence (AI) technology that may predict fertility-sparing treatment outcomes, we also looked ahead to future research directions in this field. The pathology before and after treatment is the primary basis for assessing the effectiveness of fertilitysparing treatment for EC and EAH. However, it is challenging to predict the therapeutic outcomes based on the pathological morphology of the initial diagnosis. Traditional immunohistochemical markers, such as estrogen and progesterone receptors, are also very limited in predicting therapeutic response. In recent years, the prognosis of fertilitysparing treatment has also been considered to be correlated with the molecular classification and gene mutation markers of EC. However, there are currently few direct clinical studies available, and our focus will be on reviewing these studies and assessing their applicability.In addition, there are some studies utilizing AI to predict the molecular classification, genes and therapeutic response of EC. The integration of these features will aid in the development of advanced predictive strategies for fertility-sparing treatment of EC and EAH.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease and main reason of progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with kidney diseases. Various clinical, pathological, demographic and new factors discovered by researchers in recent years play important roles in the prognosis assessment of IgAN. Furthermore, developing prognostic evaluation models based on several different factors to identify patients at high risk of progression in the early disease stage is clinically significant. This article reviews the researches progress of influencing factors and relevant evaluation models for prognosis of IgAN.

The environmental pollution and health hazards caused by the extensive use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have become a problem of wide concern around the world. As a typical OPFR, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) can be detected in water, atmosphere, soil and other environmental media. It widely exists in production and life and can accumulate in organisms, causing great risks the ecosystem and human health. This paper reviews the research of EHDPP domestically and abroad, and summarizes the physicochemical properties of EHDPP and the population situation of occupational exposure, environmental exposure, and population exposure in recent years. Besides, it summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of EHDPP, including acute toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenesis effects. This paper also proposes the future direction of toxicity and health risks of EHDPP, which provides a theoretical basis for further research on environmental hazards and safety evaluation of EHDPP.

The environmental pollution and health hazards caused by the extensive use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have become a problem of wide concern around the world. As a typical OPFR, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) can be detected in water, atmosphere, soil and other environmental media. It widely exists in production and life and can accumulate in organisms, causing great risks the ecosystem and human health. This paper reviews the research of EHDPP domestically and abroad, and summarizes the physicochemical properties of EHDPP and the population situation of occupational exposure, environmental exposure, and population exposure in recent years. Besides, it summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of EHDPP, including acute toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenesis effects. This paper also proposes the future direction of toxicity and health risks of EHDPP, which provides a theoretical basis for further research on environmental hazards and safety evaluation of EHDPP.

BACKGROUND:With a gradually aging population,improving the ability to screen for the risk of death after arthroplasty and implementing timely personalized intervention programs for the increasing number of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures is key to improving the postoperative status of patients and prolonging survival expectations. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the risk factors for postoperative mortality in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures and to construct a nomogram predictive model to predict their mortality risk. METHODS:The study was conducted on 155 elderly patients(≥65 years old)who underwent arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture from January 2016 to January 2021,and 147 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed to collect clinical data that may affect the patients'postoperative mortality.Single-factor and multi-factor Cox regression analyses were successively used to screen independent risk factors associated with postoperative mortality.The column line graph model was constructed and validated using Rstudio software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Age,frailty(age-adjusted Charlson comorbidities score),preoperative activity status,osteoporosis,and postoperative serum albumin level were five independent risk factors for postoperative mortality in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures(P<0.05).(2)The nomogram predictive model was constructed based on the results of multifactorial analysis,with a consistency index of 0.819(95%CI:0.771-0.868).Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under curve for 1-year and 3-year survival prediction was 0.8543 and 0.7263,respectively,indicating that the nomogram predictive model has good discriminatory and predictive power;calibration curve and decision curve analysis also showed good model discriminative power and clinical utility value.(3)The constructed nomogram predictive model has good diagnostic efficacy and accuracy,and can effectively assess the risk of postoperative death of patients.