ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence and spatiotemporal distribution of typhus fever in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023, to identify high-risk populations and regions, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of local prevention and control resources and developing targeted intervention measures. MethodsData of typhus fever cases in Baoshan City from 2005 to 2023 were obtained from the Infectious Disease Information Management System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial and demographic distribution of typhus fever cases. Spatial clustering was assessed using spatial dynamic window scan statistics (circular and elliptical windows), flexible spatial scan statistics, and local spatial autocorrelation methods (including local Moran’s I, local Geary’s C, and Getis-Ord G_i*). Retrospective spatiotemporal scan statistics were employed to detect spatiotemporal clusters. ResultsA total of 1 099 typhus fever cases were reported in Baoshan City from 2005 to 2023. The incidence rate peaked at 6.31/ 100 000 in 2007, followed by a decline until reaching its lowest level at 0.21/100 000 in 2015 , and subsequently rebounded during 2016‒2023. The highest proportion of cases was among children under 10 years of age (31.12%), and the top three occupations of cases were farmers, students, and children, accounting for 88.62% of all cases. Cases occurred predominantly between June and September each year. The incidence was relatively high in Jiucheng Town (62.58/100 000), Yaoguan Town (57.15/100 000), and Dianyang Town (46.81/100 000) of Shidian County. Spatial clustering analyses indicated that high-risk areas were mainly located in the southern part of Baoshan City, showing a south-to-north trend. Spatiotemporal scan analyses identified five clusters, with the most likely cluster centered around Yaoguan Town, covering ten towns (subdistricts) during the period 2007‒2010. ConclusionThe incidence of typhus fever in Baoshan City exhibits a clear seasonal and spatial clustering pattern, with peak incidence occurring in summer and autumn. Spatially, cases are primarily distributed in the southern part of Baoshan City, and high-risk clusters exhibit a south-to-north trend. Farmers, students, and children are the high-risk groups.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of erector spinae plane block(ESPB)and thoracic paravertebral block(TPVB)in preventing acute post-surgical pain syndrome(PSP)of breast cancer.Methods The following databases,both domestic and international,including Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,VIP,Wanfang,and Sinomed,were searched via computer to gather clinical randomized controlled trials(RCTs)on ESPB and TPVB for breast cancer patients.The included literature was evaluated using the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool to assess quality,and meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software and Stata 17.0 software.Results This study comprised 14 RCTs,with a total of 1079 patients,including 540 ESPB patients and 539 TPVB patients.The analysis results indicated that there was a significant difference in pain scores during postoperative rest between ESPB and TPVB during 3-4 h(I2=53%,SMD=0.36,95%CI:0.07-0.65,P=0.020)and 5-6 h(I2=80%,SMD=0.53,95%CI:0.05-1.01,P=0.030),with TPVB being superior to ESPB.However,there was no significant difference in pain scores during postoperative rest between ESPB and TPVB at 1-2 h(I2=75%,SMD=0.28,95%CI:-0.03-0.60,P=0.080),7-8 h(I2=89%,SMD=0.24,95%CI:-0.47-0.94,P=0.510),12 h(I2=90%,SMD=0.1,95%CI:-0.40-0.60,P=0.690),24 h(I2=78%,SMD=0.33,95%CI:-0.04-0.70,P=0.080),and 48 h(I2=85%,SMD=-0.05,95%CI:-0.52-0.42,P=0.830).For the pain score during postoperative exercise,there was a significant difference between ESPB and TPVB during 3-4 h(I2=0,SMD=0.29,95%CI:0.09-0.48,P=0.004),7-8 h(I2=48%,SMD=0.37,95%CI:0.00-0.73,P=0.050),and 48 h(I2=0,SMD=0.21,95%CI:0.03-0.39,P=0.020),with TPVB being su-perior to ESPB.There was no significant difference between ESPB and TPVB at 1-2 h(I2=89%,SMD=0.42,95%CI:-0.19-1.03,P=0.180),5-6 h(I2=90%,SMD=0.29,95%CI:-0.67-1.24,P=0.560),12 h(I2=81%,SMD=0.25,95%CI:-0.22-0.72,P=0.300),and 24 h(I2=83%,SMD=0.39,95%CI:-0.10-0.89,P=0.120).There was a statistical difference in the operation time of nerve blocks between the two methods,with ESPB taking less time than TPVB(P＜0.001).However,there was no statistical difference in opioid consumption within 24 h after surgery,incidence of nausea and vomiting,and the first PCIA press time(all P＞0.05).Conclusions Compared to ESPB,TPVB tends to result in a decreased pain score after breast cancer surgery,but it also took longer to perform.There was no significant difference be-tween the two methods in terms of opioid consumption at 24 h after surgery,incidence of nausea and vomiting and the first PCIA press time.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of erector spinae plane block(ESPB)and thoracic paravertebral block(TPVB)in preventing acute post-surgical pain syndrome(PSP)of breast cancer.Methods The following databases,both domestic and international,including Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,VIP,Wanfang,and Sinomed,were searched via computer to gather clinical randomized controlled trials(RCTs)on ESPB and TPVB for breast cancer patients.The included literature was evaluated using the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool to assess quality,and meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software and Stata 17.0 software.Results This study comprised 14 RCTs,with a total of 1079 patients,including 540 ESPB patients and 539 TPVB patients.The analysis results indicated that there was a significant difference in pain scores during postoperative rest between ESPB and TPVB during 3-4 h(I2=53%,SMD=0.36,95%CI:0.07-0.65,P=0.020)and 5-6 h(I2=80%,SMD=0.53,95%CI:0.05-1.01,P=0.030),with TPVB being superior to ESPB.However,there was no significant difference in pain scores during postoperative rest between ESPB and TPVB at 1-2 h(I2=75%,SMD=0.28,95%CI:-0.03-0.60,P=0.080),7-8 h(I2=89%,SMD=0.24,95%CI:-0.47-0.94,P=0.510),12 h(I2=90%,SMD=0.1,95%CI:-0.40-0.60,P=0.690),24 h(I2=78%,SMD=0.33,95%CI:-0.04-0.70,P=0.080),and 48 h(I2=85%,SMD=-0.05,95%CI:-0.52-0.42,P=0.830).For the pain score during postoperative exercise,there was a significant difference between ESPB and TPVB during 3-4 h(I2=0,SMD=0.29,95%CI:0.09-0.48,P=0.004),7-8 h(I2=48%,SMD=0.37,95%CI:0.00-0.73,P=0.050),and 48 h(I2=0,SMD=0.21,95%CI:0.03-0.39,P=0.020),with TPVB being su-perior to ESPB.There was no significant difference between ESPB and TPVB at 1-2 h(I2=89%,SMD=0.42,95%CI:-0.19-1.03,P=0.180),5-6 h(I2=90%,SMD=0.29,95%CI:-0.67-1.24,P=0.560),12 h(I2=81%,SMD=0.25,95%CI:-0.22-0.72,P=0.300),and 24 h(I2=83%,SMD=0.39,95%CI:-0.10-0.89,P=0.120).There was a statistical difference in the operation time of nerve blocks between the two methods,with ESPB taking less time than TPVB(P＜0.001).However,there was no statistical difference in opioid consumption within 24 h after surgery,incidence of nausea and vomiting,and the first PCIA press time(all P＞0.05).Conclusions Compared to ESPB,TPVB tends to result in a decreased pain score after breast cancer surgery,but it also took longer to perform.There was no significant difference be-tween the two methods in terms of opioid consumption at 24 h after surgery,incidence of nausea and vomiting and the first PCIA press time.

BACKGROUNDIt is still unclear whether the vitrification procedure itself is associated with the incidence of abnormal DNA methylation during oocytes vitrification. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epigenetic profile of mouse oocytes, which went through vitrification either at a mature stage or at an immature stage following in vitro maturation (IVM) by analyzing the global DNA methylation.

METHODSMetaphase II (M II) stage and germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes were collected from adult female mice and were vitrified respectively. The M II oocytes were assessed for cryo-survival and global DNA methylation. The GV oocytes were assessed for cryo-survival and only the surviving GV oocytes were cultured in vitro for subsequent assessment of global DNA methylation in mature oocytes. In vivo matured fresh M II oocytes without undergoing vitrification were used as control. The level of global DNA methylation in the M II oocytes was then examined by immunofluorescence using an anti-5-methylcytosine (anti-5-MeC) monoclonal antibody and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG under a laser scanning confocal microscope.

RESULTSIn terms of the effect of vitrification on global DNA methylation status in matured oocytes, in the M II-v group, all the examined oocytes (90/90) were found with hypermethylation, including 63.3% (57/90) of them displaying DNA methylation of a very high level, 25.6% (23/90) with a high level, and 11.1% (10/90) with an intermediate level, whereas in the GV-v group, all the matured oocytes (129/129) were also examined with hypermethylation, including 67.4% (87/129) of them displaying DNA methylation of a very high level, 23.3% (30/129) with a high level, and 9.3% (12/129) with an intermediate level. Statistically, it was similar between both groups, which were similar to the control: 68.6% (83/121) of fresh M II oocytes displayed DNA methylation of a very high level, 21.5% (26/121) with a high level, and 9.9%(12/121) with an intermediate level (P > 0.05). In terms of the effect of IVM on global DNA methylation status in matured oocytes, in the in vivo matured oocytes group, all oocytes examined (94/94) were found with hypermethylation, including 80.9% (76/94) displaying DNA methylation of a very high level and 19.1% (18/94) with a high level, whereas in the in vitro matured oocytes group, all oocytes examined (69/69) were also found with hypermethylation: 85.2% (56/69) of them displayed with DNA methylation of very high level, 11.9% (11/69) with high level, and 2% (2/69) with intermediate level. This result was similar to that in in vivo matured fresh M II oocytes (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe vitrification procedure at GV stage does not induce widespread alteration of global DNA methylation status of mouse oocytes subsequently matured in vitro.

Animals ; DNA Methylation ; physiology ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Oocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Vitrification

Background It is still unclear whether the vitrification procedure itself is associated with the incidence of abnormal DNA methylation during oocytes vitrification.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epigenetic profile of mouse oocytes,which went through vitrification either at a mature stage or at an immature stage following in vitro maturation (IVM) by analyzing the global DNA methylation.Methods Metaphase Ⅱ (M Ⅱ) stage and germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes were collected from adult female mice and were vitrified respectively.The M Ⅱ oocytes were assessed for cryo-survival and global DNA methylation.The GV oocytes were assessed for cryo-survival and only the surviving GV oocytes were cultured in vitro for subsequent assessment of global DNA methylation in mature oocytes.In vivo matured fresh M Ⅱ oocytes without undergoing vitrification were used as control.The level of global DNA methylation in the M Ⅱ oocytes was then examined by immunofluorescence using an anti-5-methylcytosine (anti-5-MeC) monoclonal antibody and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG under a laser scanning confocal microscope.Results In terms of the effect of vitrification on global DNA methylation status in matured oocytes,in the M Ⅱ-v group,all the examined oocytes (90/90) were found with hypermethylation,including 63.3％ (57/90) of them displaying DNA methylation of a very high level,25.6％ (23/90) with a high level,and 11.1％ (10/90) with an intermediate level,whereas in the GV-v group,all the matured oocytes (129/129) were also examined with hypermethylation,including 67.4％ (87/129) of them displaying DNA methylation of a very high level,23.3％ (30/129) with a high level,and 9.3％ (12/129) with an intermediate level.Statistically,it was similar between both groups,which were similar to the control:68.6％ (83/121) of fresh M Ⅱ oocytes displayed DNA methylation of a very high level,21.5％ (26/121) with a high level,and 9.9％(12/121) with an intermediate level (P ＞0.05).In terms of the effect of IVM on global DNA methylation status in matured oocytes,in the in vivo matured oocytes group,all oocytes examined (94/94) were found with hypermethylation,including 80.9％ (76/94) displaying DNA methylation of a very high level and 19.1％ (18/94) with a high level,whereas in the in vitro matured oocytes group,all oocytes examined (69/69) were also found with hypermethylation:85.2％ (56/69) of them displayed with DNA methylation of very high level,11.9％ (11/69) with high level,and 2％ (2/69) with intermediate level.This result was similar to that in in vivo matured fresh M Ⅱ oocytes (P ＞0.05).Conclusion The vitrification procedure at GV stage does not induce widespread alteration of global DNA methylation status of mouse oocytes subsequently matured in vitro.