Aromatherapy refers to the method of using the aromatic components of plants in appropriate forms to act on the entire body or a specific area to prevent and treat diseases. Essential oils used in aromatherapy are hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aromatic molecules， such as limonene， linalool， linalool acetate， geraniol， and citronellol. These chemicals have been extensively studied and shown to have a variety of functions， including reducing anxiety， relieving depression， promoting sleep， and providing pain relief. Terpenoids are a class of organic molecules with relatively low lipid solubility. After being inhaled， they can pass through the nasal mucosa for transfer or penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream upon local application. Some of these substances also have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier， thereby exerting effects on the central nervous system. Currently， the academic community generally agrees that products such as essential oils and aromatherapy from aromatic plants have certain health benefits. However， the process of extracting a single component from it and successfully developing it into a drug still faces many challenges. Its safety and efficacy still need to be further verified through more rigorous and systematic experiments. This article systematically elaborated on the efficacy of aromatic substances， including plant extracts and natural small molecule compounds， in antibacterial and antiviral fields and the regulation of nervous system activity. As a result， a deeper understanding of aromatherapy was achieved. At the same time， the potential of these aromatic substances for drug development was thoroughly explored， providing important references and insights for possible future drug research and application.

Periodontitis is a common oral disease characterized by progressive alveolar bone resorption and inflammation of the periodontal tissues. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been used in the treatment of various immune-inflammatory diseases due to its excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. Here, we investigated for the first time the therapeutic effect of DMF on periodontitis. In vivo studies showed that DMF significantly inhibited periodontal destruction, enhanced mitophagy, and decreased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. In vitro studies showed that DMF inhibited macrophage polarization toward M1 macrophages and promoted polarization toward M2 macrophages, with improved mitochondrial function, inhibited oxidative stress, and increased mitophagy in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, DMF increased intracellular mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor (TUFM) levels to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, promoted mitophagy, and modulated macrophage polarization, whereas TUFM knockdown decreased the protective effect of DMF. Finally, mechanistic studies showed that DMF increased intracellular TUFM levels by protecting TUFM from degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway. Our results demonstrate for the first time that DMF protects mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress through TUFM-mediated mitophagy in macrophages, resulting in a shift in the balance of macrophage polarization, thereby attenuating periodontitis. Importantly, this study provides new insights into the prevention of periodontitis.
Dimethyl Fumarate/pharmacology* ; Mitophagy/drug effects* ; Animals ; Mice ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Periodontitis/prevention & control* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects* ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Mitochondria/drug effects*

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging technologies are rapidly expanding the exploration of chemical space, facilitating innovative drug discovery. However, the transformation of novel compounds into safe and effective drugs remains a lengthy, high-risk, and costly process. Comprehensive early-stage evaluation is essential for reducing costs and improving the success rate of drug development. Despite this need, no comprehensive tool currently supports systematic evaluation and efficient screening. Here, we present druglikeFilter, a deep learning-based framework designed to assess drug-likeness across four critical dimensions: 1) physicochemical rule evaluated by systematic determination, 2) toxicity alert investigated from multiple perspectives, 3) binding affinity measured by dual-path analysis, and 4) compound synthesizability assessed by retro-route prediction. By enabling automated, multidimensional filtering of compound libraries, druglikeFilter not only streamlines the drug development process but also plays a crucial role in advancing research efforts towards viable drug candidates, which can be freely accessed at https://idrblab.org/drugfilter/.

Objective: To explore the effects of sleep on subsequent day physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents, so as to provide a reference for refining PA intervention strategies and further investigating their underlying mechanisms. Methods: Through searching databases including Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP cross sectional, cohort and experimental studies on sleep and subsequent day PA among children and adolescents were identified, with the searching period spanning from database inception to June, 2025. Based on the characteristics of the included literature, two sleep variables[sleep duration (SD) and sleep efficiency (SE)] and three physical activity variables[moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), and total physical activity (TPA)] were selected. The relationship between these two types of variables was analyzed for pooled effect sizes using Stata 17.0. Results: A total of 14 studies were included, with 64.3% published in 2018 or later, involving 11 361 children and adolescents from 17 countries. Meta analysis results showed that both SD ( ES=0.04, 95%CI =0.01-0.07) and SE ( ES=0.24, 95%CI =0.01-0.47) were positively correlated with subsequent day MVPA (both P <0.05). However, no statistically significant associations were found with LPA ( ES=-0.04, 95%CI =-0.13 to 0.06; ES=-0.02, 95%CI =-0.15 to 0.11) or TPA( ES=0.09, 95%CI =-0.02 to 0.20; ES=0.02, 95%CI = -0.03 to 0.06)(all P >0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that in the "≤6 years" subgroup, SD and SE were positively correlated with TPA ( ES=0.22, 95%CI =0.09-0.35) and MVPA ( ES=1.19, 95%CI =1.06-1.32), respectively; in the "6-12 years" subgroup, SD was positively correlated with MVPA ( ES=0.05, 95%CI =0.02-0.08); in the "≥12 years" subgroup, SE was positively correlated with LPA ( ES=0.08, 95%CI =0.00-0.16), while SD was negatively correlated with LPA ( ES=-0.23, 95%CI = -0.31 to -0.16) (all P <0.05). Conclusion Adequate SD and good SE can effectively enhance subsequent day MVPA among children and adolescents, although these sleep effects vary by age group.

Advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and emerging technologies are rapidly expanding the exploration of chemical space,facilitating innovative drug discovery.However,the transformation of novel compounds into safe and effective drugs remains a lengthy,high-risk,and costly process.Comprehensive early-stage evaluation is essential for reducing costs and improving the success rate of drug development.Despite this need,no comprehensive tool currently supports systematic evaluation and efficient screening.Here,we present druglikeFilter,a deep learning-based framework designed to assess drug-likeness across four critical dimensions:1)physicochemical rule evaluated by systematic determination,2)toxicity alert investigated from multiple perspectives,3)binding affinity measured by dual-path analysis,and 4)compound synthesizability assessed by retro-route prediction.By enabling automated,multidimensional filtering of compound libraries,druglikeFilter not only streamlines the drug development process but also plays a crucial role in advancing research efforts towards viable drug candidates,which can be freely accessed at https://idrblab.org/drugfilter/.

Objective To establish a body composition analysis system based on chest CT,and to observe its value for evaluating content of chest muscle and adipose.Methods T7-T8 layer CT images of 108 pneumonia patients were collected(segmented dataset),and chest CT data of 984 patients were screened from the COVID 19-CT dataset(10 cases were randomly selected as whole test dataset,the remaining 974 cases were selected as layer selection dataset).T7-T8 layer was classified based on convolutional neural network(CNN)derived networks,including ResNet,ResNeXt,MobileNet,ShuffleNet,DenseNet,EfficientNet and ConvNeXt,then the accuracy,precision,recall and specificity were used to evaluate the performance of layer selection dataset.The skeletal muscle(SM),subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT),intermuscular adipose tissue(IMAT)and visceral adipose tissue(VAT)were segmented using classical fully CNN(FCN)derived network,including FCN,SegNet,UNet,Attention UNet,UNET++,nnUNet,UNeXt and CMUNeXt,then Dice similarity coefficient(DSC),intersection over union(IoU)and 95 Hausdorff distance(HD)were used to evaluate the performance of segmented dataset.The automatic body composition analysis system was constructed based on optimal layer selection network and segmentation network,the mean absolute error(MAE),root mean squared error(RMSE)and standard deviation(SD)of MAE were used to evaluate the performance of automatic system for testing the whole test dataset.Results The accuracy,precision,recall and specificity of DenseNet network for automatically classifying T7-T8 layer from chest CT images was 95.06％,84.83％,92.27％and 95.78％,respectively,which were all higher than those of the other layer selection networks.In segmentation of SM,SAT,IMAT and overall,DSC and IoU of UNet++network were all higher,while 95HD of UNet++network were all lower than those of the other segmentation networks.Using DenseNet as the layer selection network and UNet++as the segmentation network,MAE of the automatic body composition analysis system for predicting SM,SAT,IMAT,VAT and MAE was 27.09,6.95,6.65 and 3.35 cm2,respectively.Conclusion The body composition analysis system based on chest CT could be used to assess content of chest muscle and adipose.Among them,the UNet++network had better segmentation performance in adipose tissue than SM.

This study aims to address the limitations in gesture recognition caused by the susceptibility of temporal and frequency domain feature extraction from surface electromyography signals, as well as the low recognition rates of conventional classifiers. A novel gesture recognition approach was proposed, which transformed surface electromyography signals into grayscale images and employed convolutional neural networks as classifiers. The method began by segmenting the active portions of the surface electromyography signals using an energy threshold approach. Temporal voltage values were then processed through linear scaling and power transformations to generate grayscale images for convolutional neural network input. Subsequently, a multi-view convolutional neural network model was constructed, utilizing asymmetric convolutional kernels of sizes 1 × n and 3 × n within the same layer to enhance the representation capability of surface electromyography signals. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved recognition accuracies of 98.11% for 13 gestures and 98.75% for 12 multi-finger movements, significantly outperforming existing machine learning approaches. The proposed gesture recognition method, based on surface electromyography grayscale images and multi-view convolutional neural networks, demonstrates simplicity and efficiency, substantially improving recognition accuracy and exhibiting strong potential for practical applications.
Electromyography/methods* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Humans ; Gestures ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Machine Learning ; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods* ; Algorithms ; Convolutional Neural Networks

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery(PTES)combined with mini-incision oblique lumbar interbody fusion(OLIF)and screw-rod fixation un-der local anesthesia for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,and to compare it with minimally invasive surgery-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(MIS-TLIF).Methods:A total of 68 patients with sin-gle-segment lumbar instability and neurological symptoms who were treated in the Department of Orthopedics at Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,between June 2017 and April 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the patients,33 underwent PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation(PTES+OLIF,Group A,20 males and 13 females;age 59.4±8.0 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 29 cases),while the other 35 under-went MIS-TLIF(Group B,22 males and 13 females;age 61.2±7.5 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 31 cases).There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age,sex ratio,or level of involvement.The operative time,blood loss,incision length,fluoroscopy times,and length of hospital stay were compared be-tween the two groups.Visual analog scale(VAS)scores for back pain and leg pain were recorded and com-pared at preoperation,immediate postoperation,1 month,2 months,3 months,6 months,1 year,and 2 year time points.The Oswestry disability index(ODI),intervertebral space height(ISH),lumbar lordosis(LL),surgical segment lordosis angle(SLA),intraoperative and postoperative complications,and fusion grade according to the Bridwell classification were also compared and evaluated at preoperation,immediate postoperation,and postop-erative 2 years.Results:Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgeries without intraoperative complications.The operative time was 49.5±7.6min for PTES under local anesthesia,and 75.3±13.1min for O-LIF under general anesthesia in group A,while it was 103.9±17.6min for MIS-TLIF under general anesthesia in group B.The intraoperative blood loss was 30mL(range 15-110mL)in group A and 80mL(range 50-310mL)in group B.The incision length was 8.0±1.2mm for PTES,and 39.0±3.3mm for OLIF in group A;The inci-sion length was 41.5±2.8mm for MIS-TLIF in group B.The number of fluoroscopy was 6(range 5-8)for PTES and 7(range 5-10)for OLIF in group A,and 7(range 6-11)in group B.The length of hospital stay was 4d(range 3-5d)in group A and 7d(range 6-10d)in group B.Both groups were followed up for 2 years.Compared with preoperative levels,the VAS scores for back and leg pain,and ODI were significantly de-creased at all postoperative time points(P＜0.05)in both groups.The immediate postoperative VAS score for back pain in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(P＜0.000).However,at subsequent time points,no significant differences in VAS scores for back and leg pain,or ODI were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).The ISH and SLA at immediate postoperation in group A were significantly higher than those in group B(P=0.018,P=0.002).At 2 years'follow-up,the ISH in group A remained significantly higher than that in group B(P=0.004).There was no significant difference in LL between the two groups at all postopera-tive time points(P＞0.05).25 cases(75.8％)in group A achieved grade I fusion,and 8 cases(24.2％)achieved grade n fusion;In group B,21 cases(60.0％)achieved grade Ⅰ fusion,and 14 cases(40.0％)achieved grade n fusion.There was no significant difference in the fusion grade between the two groups(P=0.126).One pa-tient in group A developed hip flexion pain and weakness,which resolved at 3d after operation.Two cases of dural tear with cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in group B,without neurological symptoms,and resolved after drainage tube removal at 7d postoperatively.No incision infections,permanent nerve damage,major vas-cular injury,implant loosening,or subsidence were observed.The postoperative complication rate was not sig-nificantly different between the two groups(2.8％vs 5.7％,P=0.590).Conclusions:Compared with MIS-TLIF for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation offers smaller trauma,less blood loss,shorter general anesthesia duration,faster relief of back pain,and better recovery of ISH and SLA.PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation is an excellent choice for treating patients with lumbar instability who need direct decompression.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery(PTES)combined with mini-incision oblique lumbar interbody fusion(OLIF)and screw-rod fixation un-der local anesthesia for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,and to compare it with minimally invasive surgery-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(MIS-TLIF).Methods:A total of 68 patients with sin-gle-segment lumbar instability and neurological symptoms who were treated in the Department of Orthopedics at Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,between June 2017 and April 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the patients,33 underwent PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation(PTES+OLIF,Group A,20 males and 13 females;age 59.4±8.0 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 29 cases),while the other 35 under-went MIS-TLIF(Group B,22 males and 13 females;age 61.2±7.5 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 31 cases).There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age,sex ratio,or level of involvement.The operative time,blood loss,incision length,fluoroscopy times,and length of hospital stay were compared be-tween the two groups.Visual analog scale(VAS)scores for back pain and leg pain were recorded and com-pared at preoperation,immediate postoperation,1 month,2 months,3 months,6 months,1 year,and 2 year time points.The Oswestry disability index(ODI),intervertebral space height(ISH),lumbar lordosis(LL),surgical segment lordosis angle(SLA),intraoperative and postoperative complications,and fusion grade according to the Bridwell classification were also compared and evaluated at preoperation,immediate postoperation,and postop-erative 2 years.Results:Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgeries without intraoperative complications.The operative time was 49.5±7.6min for PTES under local anesthesia,and 75.3±13.1min for O-LIF under general anesthesia in group A,while it was 103.9±17.6min for MIS-TLIF under general anesthesia in group B.The intraoperative blood loss was 30mL(range 15-110mL)in group A and 80mL(range 50-310mL)in group B.The incision length was 8.0±1.2mm for PTES,and 39.0±3.3mm for OLIF in group A;The inci-sion length was 41.5±2.8mm for MIS-TLIF in group B.The number of fluoroscopy was 6(range 5-8)for PTES and 7(range 5-10)for OLIF in group A,and 7(range 6-11)in group B.The length of hospital stay was 4d(range 3-5d)in group A and 7d(range 6-10d)in group B.Both groups were followed up for 2 years.Compared with preoperative levels,the VAS scores for back and leg pain,and ODI were significantly de-creased at all postoperative time points(P＜0.05)in both groups.The immediate postoperative VAS score for back pain in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(P＜0.000).However,at subsequent time points,no significant differences in VAS scores for back and leg pain,or ODI were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).The ISH and SLA at immediate postoperation in group A were significantly higher than those in group B(P=0.018,P=0.002).At 2 years'follow-up,the ISH in group A remained significantly higher than that in group B(P=0.004).There was no significant difference in LL between the two groups at all postopera-tive time points(P＞0.05).25 cases(75.8％)in group A achieved grade I fusion,and 8 cases(24.2％)achieved grade n fusion;In group B,21 cases(60.0％)achieved grade Ⅰ fusion,and 14 cases(40.0％)achieved grade n fusion.There was no significant difference in the fusion grade between the two groups(P=0.126).One pa-tient in group A developed hip flexion pain and weakness,which resolved at 3d after operation.Two cases of dural tear with cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in group B,without neurological symptoms,and resolved after drainage tube removal at 7d postoperatively.No incision infections,permanent nerve damage,major vas-cular injury,implant loosening,or subsidence were observed.The postoperative complication rate was not sig-nificantly different between the two groups(2.8％vs 5.7％,P=0.590).Conclusions:Compared with MIS-TLIF for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation offers smaller trauma,less blood loss,shorter general anesthesia duration,faster relief of back pain,and better recovery of ISH and SLA.PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation is an excellent choice for treating patients with lumbar instability who need direct decompression.

At present, the passive simulated lung including the splint lung is an important device for hospitals and manufacturers in testing the functions of a respirator. However, the human respiration simulated by this passive simulated lung is quite different from the actual respiration. And it is not able to simulate the spontaneous breathing. Therefore, including" the device simulating respiratory muscle work "," the simulated thorax" and" the simulated airway", an active mechanical lung to simulate human pulmonary ventilation was designed:3D printed human respiratory tract was developed and connected the left and right air bags at the end of the respiratory tract to simulate the left and right lungs of the human body. By controlling a motor running to drive the crank and rod to move a piston back and forth, and to deliver an alternating pressure in the simulated pleural, and so as to generate an active respiratory airflow in airway. The experimental respiratory airflow and pressure from the active mechanical lung developed in this study are consistent with the target airflow and pressure which collected from the normal adult. The developed active mechanical lung function will be conducive to improve the quality of the respirator.
Adult ; Humans ; Lung/physiology* ; Respiration ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Respiration, Artificial ; Ventilators, Mechanical