The central amygdala (CeA) is a crucial modulator of emotional, behavioral, and autonomic functions, including cardiovascular responses. Despite its importance, the specific circuit by which the CeA modulates blood pressure remains insufficiently explored. Our investigations demonstrate that photostimulation of GABAergic neurons in the centromedial amygdala (CeM^GABA), as opposed to those in the centrolateral amygdala (CeL), produces a depressor response in both anesthetized and freely-moving mice. In addition, activation of CeM^GABA axonal terminals projecting to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) significantly reduces blood pressure. These CeM^GABA neurons form synaptic connections with NTS neurons, allowing for the modulation of cardiovascular responses by influencing the caudal or rostral ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, CeM^GABA neurons targeting the NTS receive dense inputs from the CeL. Consequently, stimulation of CeM^GABA neurons elicits hypotension through the CeM-NTS circuit, offering deeper insights into the cardiovascular responses associated with emotions and behaviors.
Animals ; GABAergic Neurons/physiology* ; Male ; Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/physiopathology* ; Hypotension/physiopathology* ; Mice ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Solitary Nucleus/physiology* ; Photic Stimulation ; Neural Pathways/physiology*

As a glucocorticoid drug with wide clinical application， triamcinolone acetonide can be administered by multiple routes， such as eye， nose， joint cavity， and skin， for the treatment of various local diseases such as arthritis， macular edema， rhinitis， and urticaria. As a drug with extremely low solubility in water， the dose form of triamcinolone acetonide is closely correlated with administration route and site. The dosage form of triamcinolone acetonide administered via injection（including joint cavity injection， vitreous injection， suprachoroidal injection， intramuscular injection） is mainly suspension， and the representative drugs include Kenalog-40®， Zilretta®， Triesence®， Xipere®， etc.； the dosage forms of nasal mucosal administration are mostly sprays， and the representative drug is Nasacort®； the dosage forms of oral mucosal administration are mostly patches， ointments and creams， and the representative drug is Oracort®； the dosage forms for transdermal administration are mostly ointments， creams and lotions， and the representative drugs include Trianex®， Teva-Triacomb®， etc. At present， the research on dosage forms of triamcinolone acetonide by various administration routes mainly focuses on the construction of delivery carriers， the addition of cosolvents or the use of new delivery tools.

Objective To prepare injectable poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid(PLGA)microparticle scaffolds coated with a composite of polydopamine(PDA)and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC),and to evaluate their biocompatibility and capacity for cell loading in tissue engineering.Methods The injectable PLGA microparticles were prepared using the W/O/W double-emulsion solvent evaporation method,followed by PDA and CMC coatings to prepare the porous scaffolds that were morphologically characterized while the size distribution of particles and pores was determined.Cytotoxicity was assessed via co-incubation of the scaffolds with cells,while cell viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay.The morphology of cells loaded onto the scaffolds was examined using scanning electron microscopy and DAPI staining.Results The average particle size of the prepared PLGA-PDA-CMC porous scaffolds was(313.69±4.91)μm,and the average pore size was(28.99±0.74)μm.Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the success of the PDA coating while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy proved the success of the PDA and CMC coatings.The reduced water contact angle post-PDA coating indicated enhanced hydrophilicity of the PLGA microparticles.CCK-8 assay results demonstrated the safety of the PLGA-PDA-CMC porous scaffolds.Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy confirmed cell adhesion on the PLGA-PDA-CMC porous scaffolds.Conclusion The successful preparation of PLGA-PDA-CMC porous scaffolds,featuring PDA and CMC coatings,can enhance the hydrophilicity and cell adhesion properties of PLGA microparticles.These scaffolds can be potentially used in tissue engineering research.