In recent years,blood purification has been the first-line therapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome(GBS).Blood purification eliminates pathogenic substances such as antibodies and immune complexes through non-renal pathways to treat diseases.Plasma exchange,double filtration plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption are blood purification modalities commonly used in the treatment of immune-mediated neurological disorders such as GBS.This paper reviews the research progress in the treatment of GBS by using blood purification.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological information of oral leukoplakia and explore the relationship between clinical characteristics and different degrees of epithelial dysplasia.Methods:A total of 430 patients with oral leukoplakia confirmed by pathology in the Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from February 2013 to May 2021 were enrolled. Epidemiological information was recorded, and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed on age, gender, smoking, drinking, lesion size, lesion site and lesion type to evaluate the correlation between the risk factors and the degree of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia.Results:A total of 430 valid samples were included in this study, among which 23 patients were diagnosed with oral leukoplakia with concurrent cancer. The age of all patients was (52.9±12.9) years (22-85 years); 213 were male and 217 were female. One hundred and seventy-six cases (40.9%) had lesions on the lateral and ventral tongue, and 254 cases (59.1%) had lesions in other locations. Three hundred and two cases (70.2%) had homogeneous lesions, and 128 cases (29.8%) had heterogeneous lesions. The degrees of epithelial dysplasia included none [11.9% (51/430)], mild [51.9% (223/430)], moderate [24.4% (105/430)], severe [6.5% (28/430)], and concurrent cancer [5.3% (23/430)]. Smoking, drinking, and gender were correlated with the degree of epithelial dysplasia in some binary classification systems, while tongue (border and ventral) and non-homogeneous damage were significantly correlated with higher degrees of epithelial dysplasia in all binary classification systems ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Lesions on the lateral or ventral tongue and heterogeneous lesions are significantly associated with higher degrees of dysplasia, suggesting that clinicians should pay more attention to these types of oral leukoplakia during the follow-up monitoring process.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological information of oral leukoplakia and explore the relationship between clinical characteristics and different degrees of epithelial dysplasia.Methods:A total of 430 patients with oral leukoplakia confirmed by pathology in the Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from February 2013 to May 2021 were enrolled. Epidemiological information was recorded, and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed on age, gender, smoking, drinking, lesion size, lesion site and lesion type to evaluate the correlation between the risk factors and the degree of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia.Results:A total of 430 valid samples were included in this study, among which 23 patients were diagnosed with oral leukoplakia with concurrent cancer. The age of all patients was (52.9±12.9) years (22-85 years); 213 were male and 217 were female. One hundred and seventy-six cases (40.9%) had lesions on the lateral and ventral tongue, and 254 cases (59.1%) had lesions in other locations. Three hundred and two cases (70.2%) had homogeneous lesions, and 128 cases (29.8%) had heterogeneous lesions. The degrees of epithelial dysplasia included none [11.9% (51/430)], mild [51.9% (223/430)], moderate [24.4% (105/430)], severe [6.5% (28/430)], and concurrent cancer [5.3% (23/430)]. Smoking, drinking, and gender were correlated with the degree of epithelial dysplasia in some binary classification systems, while tongue (border and ventral) and non-homogeneous damage were significantly correlated with higher degrees of epithelial dysplasia in all binary classification systems ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Lesions on the lateral or ventral tongue and heterogeneous lesions are significantly associated with higher degrees of dysplasia, suggesting that clinicians should pay more attention to these types of oral leukoplakia during the follow-up monitoring process.

In recent years,blood purification has been the first-line therapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome(GBS).Blood purification eliminates pathogenic substances such as antibodies and immune complexes through non-renal pathways to treat diseases.Plasma exchange,double filtration plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption are blood purification modalities commonly used in the treatment of immune-mediated neurological disorders such as GBS.This paper reviews the research progress in the treatment of GBS by using blood purification.

Objective:To investigate the application value of computer-assisted preoperative planning (CAPP) in the treatment of AO/OTA type-C distal femoral fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 patients with AO/OTA type-C distal femur fractures from January 2010 to December 2021 using the less invasive stabilization system-distal femur (LISS-DF). Patients were divided into a non-CAPP group and a CAPP group based on whether computer-assisted preoperative planning was utilized. The non-CAPP group included 81 patients (56 males, 25 females) with an age range of 39 to 67 years (mean 54.9±5.8 years), consisting of 22 type-C1 fractures, 35 type-C2 fractures, and 24 type-C3 fractures. The CAPP group comprised 69 patients (50 males, 19 females) with an age range of 45 to 63 years (mean 53.9±4.6 years), including 18 type-C1 fractures, 28 type-C2 fractures, and 23 type-C3 fractures. The study recorded the time of preoperative planning and compared the surgical duration, intraoperative blood loss, times of fluoroscopy intraoperatively, and hospital stay length between the two groups. At the last follow-up, knee function was evaluated using the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score and pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS).Results:The preoperative planning time of CAPP was 22.5±3.4 min (range, 17-31 min). There were statistically significant differences between non-CAPP group and CAPP group in terms of surgical duration (non-CAPP, 110.9±7.7 min; CAPP, 94.4±6.3 min), intraoperative blood loss (non-CAPP, 299.3±34.2 ml; CAPP, 224.1±22.0 ml), times of fluoroscopy intraoperatively (non-CAPP, 11.3±3.1; CAPP, 6.7±2.2), and hospital stay length (non-CAPP, 12.8±3.2 d; CAPP, 6.4±1.9 d) ( P<0.001). All patients were followed up, with the CAPP group having a follow-up duration of 17.7±3.3 months and the non-CAPP group having 18.1±3.7 months. Both groups of patients achieved clinical healing of fractures. The healing time for fractures in the CAPP group and the non-CAPP group were 13.9±1.1 weeks and 14.0±1.3 weeks, respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( t=0.699, P=0.490). At the last follow-up, the average HSS score and VAS score of the patients in the CAPP group were 86.6±3.4 points and 0.9±0.4 points, which were both better than those of the non-CAPP group 79.2±5.1 points and 1.3±0.5 points ( P<0.001). No patients in either group experienced complications related to delayed fracture healing, nonunion, or internal fixation failure. Conclusion:When using LISS -DF steel plate to treat complex distal femoral fractures, CAPP can assist the operator in efficiently and accurately completing preoperative design. Compared with traditional preoperative planning, it can reduce surgical time, surgical trauma, and achieve more satisfactory postoperative outcomes.

Objective·To explore the correlation between the quantitative results of autofluorescence imaging under computer assistance and the grade of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia.Methods·From April 2016 to January 2024,357 patients with oral leukoplakia who visited the Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,were included.Autofluorescence images of the lesions were obtained using a handheld autofluorescence device.These images were converted to grayscale images to obtain quantitative metrics.An ordered multinomial Logistic regression model was fitted in Python,and cumulative probability plots were generated.The dataset was divided into training and testing sets,and a decision tree was generated.Different hyperparameters were adjusted to achieve optimal model performance.Accuracy,precision,and F1 scores were calculated.The model performance was visualized using a confusion matrix.Results·As the degree of epithelial dysplasia increased,the relative mean color level showed a declining trend.In the binary classification of epithelial dysplasia,there was no overlap between the cumulative probability curves of different categories.In the four-category classification,only severe epithelial dysplasia overlapped with other category curves,indicating good discriminative ability of the model.In binary pathological grading,when the training and testing set ratio was 4∶1 and the maximum depth was 2,the accuracy,precision,and F1 scores were 0.792,0.801,and 0.795,respectively.In the four-category pathological grading,when the training and testing set ratio was 9∶1 and the maximum depth was 4,the accuracy,precision,and F1 scores were 0.611,0.537,and 0.569,respectively.Conclusion·Computer-assisted quantitative analysis of autofluorescence images can be used by oral mucosal specialists as a reference to predict the degree of epithelial dysplasia in patients with oral leukoplakia and to monitor their risk of cancer.

Autoantibody-related congenital heart block (ACHB) is a passively acquired autoimmune disease developing in fetuses after exposuring to maternal anti-Ro/Sj?gren's syndrome type A (SSA) antibody and/or anti-La/SSB antibody transported across the placenta, which contributes to fetal heart conduction system damage and signal conduction block at the atrioventricular node. However, fetal atrioventricular block does not necessarily occur with the presence of maternal autoantibodies, indicating its complex pathogenesis. This review focuses on the theories of calcium channels and apoptosis, the influence of other maternal factors and environmental changes on ACHB and the roles of natural killer cells and human leukocyte antigen in ACHB, aiming to provide reference for further study on the pathogenesis.

Objective To explore whether inhibiting autophagy can enhance the sensitivity of photothermal treatment under mild photothermal conditions. Methods CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs were prepared by an improved double emulsification method and a PDA-based surface modification method. After basic characterization, CCK-8 method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles; the near-infrared laser irradiation nanoparticle solution was used to detect the heating effect; CCK-8 method and live-dead cell staining were used to detect the killing effect of tumor cells; Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins. Results The CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs were successfully prepared, with a particle size of 253.10±2.39 nm, a zeta potential of -22.57±0.80 mV, uniform particle size and good dispersion. The temperature of nanoparticle solution increased to 45℃ after the near-infrared laser irradiation for 10 min. CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs had no obvious toxicity to cells. The survival rates of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell were above 95%. The inhibition of autophagy under mild photothermal conditions could improve the sensitivity of photothermal therapy. Conclusion The prepared CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs have good photothermal performance and high biological safety; by inhibiting autophagy, they can effectively kill tumor cells under mild photothermal conditions(< 50℃).