The different fate of liposomes among species has been discovered and mentioned in many studies, but the underlying mechanisms have not been explored. In the present work, we concentrated on the in vivo fate of PEGylated liposomes (sLip) in three commonly used species (mice, rats, and dogs). It was exhibited that the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon and hypersensitivity in large animals (beagle dogs) were much more significant than that in rodents. We demonstrated that anti-PEG IgM (partially) and complement (mostly) determined the elimination of sLip and linked the distinct interspecies performances with the diverse complement capacity among species. Based on the data from animals and clinical patients, it was revealed that the fate of sLip in large animals was closer to that in humans, for the sufficient complement capacity could expose the potential adverse reactions caused by anti-PEG antibodies. Our results suggested that the distinctive interspecies performances of sLip were highly related to the physiological variabilities among species, which should not be overlooked in the innovation and translation of nanomedicines.

Acute myocarditis(AM)may rapidly progress to fulminant myocarditis(FM),but lacks special clinical presentation.Multimodal echocardiography combined conventional transthoracic echocardiography,two-dimensional and three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,myocardial contrast echocardiography and so on is helpful to detecting AM in early stage and assessing the severity,being of great value for clinical decision-making and prognostic evaluation.The research progresses of multimodal echocardiography in AM were reviewed in this article.

Speckle tracking echocardiography(STE)can be used to quantitatively evaluate cardiac function,detect abnormalities of the global and local cardiac wall motion,also help to understand the subtle changes of myocardial function,having high value for early diagnosis of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction(MI)and predicting risk and development of heart failure.The research progresses of STE for evaluating cardiac remodeling and heart failure after MI were reviewed in this article.

Speckle tracking echocardiography(STE)can be used to quantitatively evaluate cardiac function,detect abnormalities of the global and local cardiac wall motion,also help to understand the subtle changes of myocardial function,having high value for early diagnosis of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction(MI)and predicting risk and development of heart failure.The research progresses of STE for evaluating cardiac remodeling and heart failure after MI were reviewed in this article.

Objective:To investigate the current situation and needs of pharmaceutical training for general practice faculty.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire survey was conducted in April 2019. The participants were general practice faculty attending the national training course in Zhongshan Hospital and selected by convenience sampling method.Results:A total of 219 general practice teachers participated in the survey, 51.14% (112/219) of the participants thought that the current pharmaceutical knowledge did not meet the needs of pharmaceutical services in daily work, and 67.58% (148/219) attended pharmacy related training every year, and the frequency was mainly 1—2 times per year (56.62%, 124/219). The main reasons for attending the training were working needs (68.24%, 101/148) and willingness (55.41%, 82/148); 63.51% (94/148) of the participants thought that the training was moderate or less effective, mainly because of the weak strength of trainers (40.54%, 60/148), insufficient attention paid by trainers (37.16%, 55/148) and lack of depth (37.16%, 55/148). The survey showed that 76.26% (167/219) of general practice teachers had pharmaceutical training needs; and gender, working years and working experience in secondary and/or tertiary hospitals were influencing factors for pharmaceutical training needs. And female faculty, those working less than 10 years and with working experience in secondary hospitals had higher demand for pharmaceutical training. The expected pharmaceutical training focused primarily on the selection and optimization of medication schemes (72.60%, 159/219), interaction/incompatibility between medicines (62.10%, 136/219) and pharmaceutical care in medical treatment (57.08%, 125/219). The expected training methods were mainly interactive case analysis and discussion (69.41%, 152/219) through the internet or APP (such as WeChat) (54.34%, 119/219); the expected training frequency was no more than once in two months (36.07%, 79/219), better in working time (48.86%, 107/219) and each session was 30—45 minutes (38.36%, 84/219).Conclusion:General practice faculty has a high demand for pharmaceutical training. Targeted, individualized and systematic pharmaceutical training courses should be developed according to the pharmaceutical training needs of participants.

Objective:To survey the teaching ability of general practitioners(GPs) in community health centers of Shanghai, and its influencing factors.Methods:A questionnaire survey on the teaching ability of general practice trainers was conducted from January to February 2017. The participants of the survey were GPs with teaching experiences from community health centers in Shanghai selected by a stratified and proportional cluster sampling method. The questionnaire included two aspects: the general information and teaching ability of the participants. The influencing factors of teaching ability were analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression analysis.Results:A total of 1 138 GPs from 116 selected community health centers participated in the questionnaire survey, among whom 63.6% (724/1 138) worked in community teaching bases and 78.5% (893/1 138) had received training for trainers. The total score of teaching ability was 38.00 (30.00, 40.00). The score of the item"interesting in teaching"was (3.46±0.80), 75%—80% of the other questions answered "yes". The score of"application of multi-teaching methods"was (3.78±0.72). Multivariate analyses showed that working for 5—9 and 10—19 years [ OR=7.14 (2.47—11.81), P=0.003; OR=5.32 (1.30—9.33), P=0.009], working in community teaching bases [ OR=13.23 (9.88—16.57), P<0.001] and receiving training for trainers [ OR=17.76 (13.80—21.71), P<0.001] were influencing factors of teaching ability. Conclusion:The main problems related to teaching ability in community GPs are lack of teaching interest and the poor application of multi-teaching methods, the relevant training is necessary for them in the future.

With the increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF), the incidence of its complications, such as ischemic stroke and thromboembolism is also increasing. According to the two-way referral system proposed by health authorities, AF management should be carried out mainly in primary care settings;and studies show that general practitioners play an indispensable role in AF management. At present,however,the inappropriate anticoagulation,AF complications and risk awareness are three major problems in the primary care of AF management in China. This article reviews the status quo and future prospect of AF management in primary care to provide suggestions for better management of AF in primary care level.

Objective:To explore the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic of pediatric intracranial atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor(AT/RT).Methods:A total of 15 pediatric patients with intracranial AT/RT were treated between January 2012 and June 2019 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Overall survival (OS) rate and progression free survival (PFS) rate were calculated by adopting Kaplan- Meier method.The differences between the 2 groups were tested by performing Log- rank method, and the prognostic factors were analyzed by COX regression. Results:There were 12 males and 3 females, with the median age of 5.5 years (ranging from 8 months to 17.1 years). All patients underwent surgical resection.Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 10 cases and subtotal resection (STR) was carried out in 5 patients.The conducted treatments were as follows: surgery+ radiotherapy+ chemotherapy+ intrathecal injection in 6 cases, surgery+ chemotherapy+ intrathecal injection in 4 cases, surgery+ radiotherapy in 2 cases, and surgery alone in 3 cases.Until January 2020, the median survival time of all the 15 patients was 18 months (ranged 1-27 months), and the survival rate was 33.3%.The 1-year OS rate and PFS rate for all 15 cases were 71.5% and 49.7%, respectively.The 2-year OS rate and PFS rate were 17.9% and 0, respectively. Log- rank analyses revealed that the 1-year OS rates of children less than 3 years old and those older than 3 years were 87.5% and 57.1%, respectively ( χ2=6.057, P=0.014). The 1-year OS rates of children with GTR and those with STR were 90.0% and 40.0%, respectively ( χ2=6.057, P=0.014). The 1-year OS rates of children with tumor dissemination and those without tumor dissemination were 100.0% and 33.3%, respectively( χ2=9.865, P=0.002). The 1-year OS rates of children in the standard-risk group and those in the high-risk group were 88.9% and 41.7%, respectively ( χ2=5.111, P=0.024). COX regression analyses proved that age, the extent of tumor resection, tumor dissemination and risk stratification are independent risk factors for prognosis [hazard radio( HR)=3.411, 3.795, 5.245, 3.397; P=0.025, 0.011, 0.001, 0.017]. Conclusions:Pediatric intracranial AT/RT is rare.The preliminary diagnosis and prognosis are difficult and poor, respectively.The complete resection of tumors with maximal safety remains the primary treatment.Age, the extent of tumor resection, tumor dissemination and risk stratification are independent prognostic factors for AT/RT children.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficiency evaluation and prognostic factors of aspiration guided by neuronavigation in the treatment of pediatric brain abscess (PBA).Methods:A total of 47 patients with PBA were treated with aspiration guided by neuronavigation between January 2013 and January 2019 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.All clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.According to Glasgow Outcome Scale on discharge, all children were divided into 2 groups, namely good prognosis group and poor prognosis group.Prognostic factors were analyzed by using univariate analysis and binary Logistic regression multivariate analysis. Results:Among the 47 children, 38 children (80.9%) were assigned to the good prognosis group, and 9 children (19.1%) were assigned to the poor prognosis group.Univariate analysis proved that abscess volume>4 cm( χ2=5.650, P=0.017), multiple or multilocular abscess ( χ2=3.258, P=0.027), and abscess located in functional areas ( χ2=6.187, P=0.013) were correlated with poor prognosis.Multivariate analysis revealed that abscess volume>4 cm( OR=5.913, 95% CI: 2.241-25.917, P=0.023) and abscess located in functional areas ( OR=10.519, 95% CI: 3.918-62.513, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusion:The treatment of PBA with aspiration guided by neuronavigation is safe, effective and minimal invasive, and the clinical efficiency is satisfactory.Abscess volume>4 cm and abscess located in deepbrain/functional areas are independent risk factors for poor prognosis.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors and the weights for medical graduates to choose general practice and work in grassroots posts in China.Methods:On the basis of pre-investigation, the second interviews were conducted among medical students of grade two to established ahierarchical structure model. A survey was conducted with self-made questionnaire among 407 medical students of grade five from eight medical colleges selected by stratified random cluster sampling from January to June 2017. The influencing factors of choosing general practice choice as the future career were analyzed and the weights were calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP).Results:Total 395 valid questionnaires were received from 161 males and 234 females students. Under the general goal layer of influencing factors for medical graduates to choose general practice, the weights of the four first-level indicators were: career status and prospects for development (weight: 0.299), salary (weight: 0.294), family contribution (weight: 0.207) and professional interest (weight: 0.200). Among the secondary indicators of career status and prospects for development, job satisfaction had the highest weight (comprehensive weight: 0.073), followed by the work environment (comprehensive weight: 0.064), social status (comprehensive weight: 0.061), patterns of doctor-patient relationship in comprehensive care of general practice (comprehensive weight: 0.052), and work intensity had the lowest weight (comprehensive weight: 0.048). Among the five secondary indicators of professional interest, the weight of clinical practice was the highest(comprehensive weight: 0.066), followed by the guidance of theoretical teachers (comprehensive weight: 0.063). In the level 3 indicators in clinical practice, the attitude of general practice teachers to general practice had the higher weight than those teachers in other departments (the comprehensive weights were 0.037 and 0.030, respectively).Conclusion:Career status and development prospects and salary are the main influencing factors for medical students to choose general practice. Teachers′ guidance in clinical practice and theoretical study is the most critical factor for medical students to be interested in general practice.