Background Public places are important areas for daily human activities. Frequent contact with public items promotes their role as vehicles for microbial spread, creating a substantial risk for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Objective To understand the hygiene status and influencing factors of public items in typical public places in Shanghai from 2010 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the hygiene management of public items. Methods Based on the monitoring data of public items in public places in Shanghai from 2010 to 2024, the hygiene status was evaluated in three stages: 2010–2019, 2020–2022, and 2023–2024. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the impact of factors such as monitoring stages, public place types, and public item categories on the hygiene status. Results The public items in 13807 public places were monitored. A total of 1 022 bed sheets and 9 271 towels were tested for pH value, with qualified rates of 77.66% and 87.81%, respectively. The OR (95%CI) for the pH compliance of towels relative to bed sheets was 1.77 (1.45, 2.15). Compared with bathing places, the ORs for pH compliance of towels in hair salons and beauty salons were 2.24 (1.75, 2.87) and 2.15 (1.57, 2.95), respectively. Additionally, a total of 221 650 samples from various public items were tested for microorganisms, yielding 215554 qualified samples, with an average qualified rate of 97.25%. The qualified rates for total bacterial count, total fungal count, coliforms, and Staphylococcus aureus were 92.66%, 94.63%, 98.85%, and 99.84%, respectively. The logistic regression analysis showed that, compared to the 2016–2019 baseline, no statistically significant differences were observed in the qualified rates of total fungal count across different stages; however, significantly higher qualified rates for total bacterial count, total fungal count, coliforms, and Staphylococcus aureus were recorded during 2020–2022, with ORs (95%CI) of 1.27 (1.16, 1.38), 23.20 (8.42, 63.94), and 12.08 (1.63, 89.92), respectively. Conclusion The pH compliance ranks among the top tier nationwide for cotton textile goods in Shanghai, suggesting minimal detergent retention. Furthermore, continuous improvement in cleaning and disinfection measurements has markedly enhanced the microbial hygiene of public items in public places.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 (BL21) in preventing radiation-induced diarrhea (RID) in cervical cancer patients during radiotherapy (RT) and to investigate the intestinal microbiota in the patients. Methods:This study was a prospective, single-arm, phase Ⅱ clinical trial, involving cervical cancer patients treated with radical and adjuvant RT. From the first day of RT, participants took one pack of BL21 powder (containing 20 billion colony-forming unit(CFU) of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21) orally every day until the end of RT. The occurrence of adverse events and RID during RT were assessed as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events ( CTCAE) v5.0. In this way, the safety and efficacy of BL21 in preventing RID were evaluated. Additionally, the intestinal microbiota in fecal samples collected from the patients before and after RT were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results:A total of 35 cervical cancer patients were enrolled in this study, with 29 cases incorporated for the final analysis. No serious adverse event related to the administration of BL21 was observed. The patients exhibited slight RID, with the majority (22/29) developing no or grade 1 RID during RT. The microbiota in the fecal samples showed decreased alpha diversity after RT, as indicated by the Chao1 ( P = 0.002) and Shannon ( P = 0.005) indices. Furthermore, these samples exhibited a notably higher abundance of genus Clostridium (LDA score = 3.98). The fecal samples from patients with grade 1 RID or no RID post-RT exhibited higher alpha diversity than those from patients with grade 2 RID or above post-RT (Chao1: P = 0.07, Shannon: P = 0.28), as well as a high abundance of genera Gemmiger (LDA score = 4.48) and Dorea (LDA score = 3.83). Conclusions:The administration of BL21 to cervical cancer patients during RT is simple, convenient, safe, and effective in preventing RID, thus warranting further investigation.

Objective To summarize the changing prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales based on the data of CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 2015 to 2021 for improving antimicrobial treatment in clinical practice.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a commercial automated susceptibility testing system according to the unified CHINET protocol.The results were interpreted according to the breakpoints of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)M100 31st ed in 2021.Results Over the seven-year period(2015-2021),the overall prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales(CRE)was 9.43％(62 342/661 235).The prevalence of CRE strains in Klebsiella pneumoniae,Citrobacter freundii,and Enterobacter cloacae was 22.38％,9.73％,and 8.47％,respectively.The prevalence of CRE strains in Escherichia coli was 1.99％.A few CRE strains were also identified in Salmonella and Shigella.The CRE strains were mainly isolated from respiratory specimens(44.23±2.80)％,followed by blood(20.88±3.40)％and urine(18.40±3.45)％.Intensive care units(ICUs)were the major source of the CRE strains(27.43±5.20)％.CRE strains were resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics tested and most non-β-lactam antimicrobial agents.The CRE strains were relatively susceptible to tigecycline and polymyxins with low resistance rates.Conclusions The prevalence of CRE strains was increasing from 2015 to 2021.CRE strains were highly resistant to most of the antibacterial drugs used in clinical practice.Clinicians should prescribe antimicrobial agents rationally.Hospitals should strengthen antibiotic stewardship in key clinical settings such as ICUs,and take effective infection control measures to curb CRE outbreak and epidemic in hospitals.

Objective:To investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of ionizing radiation on the adipogenic of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).Methods:Mouse MSCs were cultured in vitro and treated with 2 Gy and 6 Gy radiation with 60Co,and the radiation dose rate was 0.98 Gy/min.Bulk RNA-seq was performed on control and irradiated MSCs.The changes of adipogenic differentiation and oxidative stress pathways of MSC were revealed by bioinformatics analysis.Oil Red O staining was used to detect the adipogenic differentiation ability of MSCs in vitro,and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to detect the expression differences of key regulatory factors Cebpa,Lpl and Pparg after radiation treatment.At the same time,qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the effect of inhibition of Nrf2,a key factor of antioxidant stress pathway,on the expression of key regulatory factors of adipogenesis.Moreover,the species conservation of the irradiation response of human bone marrow MSCs and mouse MSC was determined by qPCR.Results:Bulk RNA-seq suggested that ionizing radiation promotes adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and up-regulation of oxidative stress-related genes and pathways.The results of Oil Red O staining and qPCR showed that ionizing radiation promoted the adipogenesis of MSCs,with high expression of Cebpa,Lpl and Pparg,as well as oxidative stress-related gene Nrf2.Nrf2 pathway inhibitors could further enhance the adipogenesis of MSCs in bone marrow after radiation.Notably,the similar regulation of oxidative pathways and enhanced adipogenesis post irradiation were observed in human bone marrow MSCs.In addition,irradiation exposure led to up-regulated mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and down-regulated mRNA expression of colony stimulating factor 2 in human bone marrow MSCs.Conclusion:Ionizing radiation promotes adipogenesis of MSCs in mice,and oxidative stress pathway participates in this effect,blocking Nrf2 further promotes the adipogenesis of MSCs.Additionally,irradiation activates oxidative pathways and promotes adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs.

Objective:To establish an in vitro cell model simulating acute graft-versus-host disease(aGVHD)bone marrow microenvironment injury with the advantage of mouse serum of aGVHD model and explore the effect of serum of aGVHD mouse on the adipogenic differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).Methods:The 6-8-week-old C57BL/6N female mice and BALB/c female mice were used as the donor and recipient mice of the aGVHD model,respectively.Bone marrow transplantation(BMT)mouse model(n=20)was established by being injected with bone marrow cells(1 × 10'per mouse)from donor mice within 4-6 hours after receiving a lethal dose(8.0 Gy,72.76 cGy/min)of y ray general irradiation.A mouse model of aGVHD(n=20)was established by infusing a total of 0.4 ml of a mixture of donor mouse-derived bone marrow cells(1 × 107 per mouse)and spleen lymphocytes(2 × 106 per mouse).The blood was removed from the eyeballs and the mouse serum was aspirated on the 7th day after modeling.Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated from 1-week-old C57BL/6N male mice and incubated with 2％,5％and 10％BMT mouse serum and aGVHD mouse serum in the medium,respectively.The effect of serum in the two groups on the in vitro adipogenic differentiation ability of mouse MSCs was detected by Oil Red O staining.The expression levels of related proteins PPARy and CEBPα were detected by Western blot.The expression differences of key adipogenic transcription factors including PPARy,CEBPα,FABP4 and LPL were determined by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR).Results:An in vitro cell model simulating the damage of bone marrow microenvironment in mice with aGVHD was successfully established.Oil Red O staining showed that the number of orange-red fatty droplets was significantly reduced and the adipogenic differentiation ability of MSC was impaired at aGVHD serum concentration of 10％compared with BMT serum.Western blot experiments showed that adipogenesis-related proteins PPARy and CEBPα expressed in MSCs were down-regulated.Further RT-qPCR assay showed that the production of PPARy,CEBPα,FABP4 and LPL,the key transcription factors for adipogenic differentiation of MSC,were significantly reduced.Conclusion:The adipogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs is inhibited by aGVHD mouse serum.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 (BL21) in preventing radiation-induced diarrhea (RID) in cervical cancer patients during radiotherapy (RT) and to investigate the intestinal microbiota in the patients. Methods:This study was a prospective, single-arm, phase Ⅱ clinical trial, involving cervical cancer patients treated with radical and adjuvant RT. From the first day of RT, participants took one pack of BL21 powder (containing 20 billion colony-forming unit(CFU) of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21) orally every day until the end of RT. The occurrence of adverse events and RID during RT were assessed as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events ( CTCAE) v5.0. In this way, the safety and efficacy of BL21 in preventing RID were evaluated. Additionally, the intestinal microbiota in fecal samples collected from the patients before and after RT were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results:A total of 35 cervical cancer patients were enrolled in this study, with 29 cases incorporated for the final analysis. No serious adverse event related to the administration of BL21 was observed. The patients exhibited slight RID, with the majority (22/29) developing no or grade 1 RID during RT. The microbiota in the fecal samples showed decreased alpha diversity after RT, as indicated by the Chao1 ( P = 0.002) and Shannon ( P = 0.005) indices. Furthermore, these samples exhibited a notably higher abundance of genus Clostridium (LDA score = 3.98). The fecal samples from patients with grade 1 RID or no RID post-RT exhibited higher alpha diversity than those from patients with grade 2 RID or above post-RT (Chao1: P = 0.07, Shannon: P = 0.28), as well as a high abundance of genera Gemmiger (LDA score = 4.48) and Dorea (LDA score = 3.83). Conclusions:The administration of BL21 to cervical cancer patients during RT is simple, convenient, safe, and effective in preventing RID, thus warranting further investigation.

Objective To explore the role of miR-429 in synovial mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(SMSC-Exos)in repairing cartilage damage in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJ OA)by extracting SMSC-Exos from human synovial tissue and screening differentially expressed microRNA(miRNA)through transcriptome sequencing.Methods Human synovial tissues were obtained from 6 patients who underwent surgery at the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from June to December 2023,including 3 patients with osteoarthritis(OA group)and 3 control patients(control group),all of whom were male.SMSC-Exos were extracted from the synovial tissues for miRNA sequencing and differential expression analysis.Further,Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses were performed on the target genes of differentially expressed miRNA to identify key functional miRNA and construct miRNA-target gene regulatory networks and protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks of target genes.An in vitro model of rabbit condylar cartilage cell inflammatory microenvironment induced by interleukin-1β(IL-1β)was established,with the control group cultured in DMEM/F12 basic medium and the inflammation-induced group cultured in DMEM/F12 basic medium containing 10 ng/ml IL-1β.RT-qPCR was used to detect the effects of overexpressed target miRNA on the mRNA expression levels of cartilage phenotype factors such as type Ⅱ collagen α1 chain(Col2a1),aggrecan(Acan),as well as inflammatory factors including a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5(Adamts5)and cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2).Results(1)SMSC-Exos were successfully isolated,cultured,and identified.(2)miRNA sequencing of SMSC-Exos from OA and control groups revealed 16 differentially expressed miRNAs(|log2FC|>2,P<0.05).Compared with control group,7 miRNAs were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated in OA group.GO and KEGG analysis indicated that the target genes of miR-429 were mainly involved in development process,anatomical structure development,system development,cell development and differentiation,and were enriched in inflammation-related pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B(PI3K-Akt).(3)Functional validation of miR-429 in the rabbit condylar cartilage cell inflammatory model showed that overexpression of miR-429 increased the mRNA expression levels of Col2a1 and Acan(P<0.05)and decreased the mRNA expression levels of Adamts5 and Cox-2(P<0.05)in the inflammation-induced group.Conclusions miRNA sequencing of SMSC-Exos isolated and identified from human synovial tissues reveals a specific miRNA expression profile in OA patients,with miR-429 significantly down-regulated.Functional validation demonstrates that overexpression of miR-429 has reparative and anti-inflammatory effects on condylar cartilage cells in an inflammatory microenvironment.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare clinical-grade human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC) with high expression of hematopoietic supporting factors and evaluate their stem cell characteristics. METHODS: Fetal umbilical cord tissues were collected from healthy postpartum women during full-term cesarean section. Wharton's jelly was mechanically separated and hUC-MSCs were obtained by explant culture method and enzyme digestion method in an animal serum-free culture system with addition of human platelet lysate. The phenotypic characteristics of hUC-MSCs obtained by two methods were detected by flow cytometry. The differences in proliferation ability between the two groups of hUC-MSCs were identified through CCK-8 assay and colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay. The differences in multilineage differentiation potential between the two groups of hUC-MSCs were identified through induction of adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. The mRNA expression levels of hematopoietic supporting factors such as SCF, IL-3, CXCL12, VCAM1 and ANGPT1 in the two groups of hUC-MSCs were identified by real-time fluorescence quantiative PCR(RT-qPCR). RESULTS: The results of flow cytometry showed that hUC-MSCs obtained by the two methods both expressed high levels of CD73, CD90 and CD105, while lowly expressed CD31, CD45 and HLA-DR. The results of CCK-8 and CFU-F assay showed that the proliferation ability of hUC-MSCs obtained by explant culture method was better than those obtained by enzyme digestion method. The results of the triple lineage differentiation experiment showed that there was no significant difference in multilineage differentiation potential between the two grous of hUC-MSCs. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the mRNA expression levels of hematopoietic supporting factors SCF, IL-3, CXCL12, VCAM1 and ANGPT1 in hUC-MSCs obtained by explant cultrue method were higher than those obtained by enzyme digestion method. CONCLUSION Clinical-grade hUC-MSCs with high expression levels of hematopoietic supporting factors were successfully cultured in an animal serum-free culture system.
Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Umbilical Cord/cytology* ; Cell Differentiation ; Female ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism* ; Angiopoietin-1/metabolism* ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism* ; Stem Cell Factor/metabolism* ; Flow Cytometry ; Pregnancy