Animal experimentation constitutes a critical link between basic research and clinical application, making its research quality and translational efficiency paramount. Although considerable progress has been made in standardizing operational procedures and ethical guidelines, the standardization of outcome evaluation systems has significantly lagged, creating a key bottleneck that constrains the quality of biomedical research and evidence synthesis. This deficiency is manifested by pronounced heterogeneity in outcome selection across similar studies, incomplete methodological reporting, and disparate criteria for result interpretation, which severely impairs the comparability of findings and the evidence integration. To cope with this challenge, this paper systematically introduces a mature methodological tool from clinical research–the core outcome set (COS)–and explores its construction strategies and application potential in the field of animal experimentation. Given the extensive diversity of animal experiments, a pragmatic strategy of "focusing on key areas, implementing phased pilots, and promoting gradual expansion" should be adopted. This approach prioritizes the development of domain-specific COS for disease areas characterized by high research volume, urgent translational needs, and well-established animal models. A multi-source integration pathway for COS development is detailed, comprising systematic literature searches, methodological appraisals, and expert consensus, with the feasibility of leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance efficiency also being examined. The development and promotion of such COS are not intended to restrict scientific exploration; rather, they aim to establish a new, tiered evaluation paradigm consisting of "core outcomes" (mandatory), "recommended outcomes" (encouraged), and "exploratory outcomes" (optional). This framework is expected not only to enhance research quality through standardization and to adhere to the "3R" principles but also to accelerate the accumulation of high-quality evidence. This, in turn, provides a solid foundation for higher-level evidence synthesis, ultimately facilitating the effective translation of basic research findings into clinical practice and providing an essential methodological framework for scientific advancement in relevant disciplines.

Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

Background: High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a chromatin-binding protein involved in arthritis, ischemia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, meningitis, and cancer. HMGB1 exhibits dual roles in cancer, acting as either a tumor suppressor or oncoprotein depending on context. Objective: This research aimed to elucidate HMGB1’s functional significance in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Methods: We overexpressed HMGB1 in cSCC cell lines using recombinant adenovirus and examined its effects on cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed elevated HMGB1 expression levels in cSCC tissue relative to normal epidermis. To assess the influence of HMGB1, we employed recombinant adenoviruses expressing HMGB1 to transduce SCC cell lines (SCC12 and SCC13). Enhanced HMGB1 expression significantly promoted cellular proliferation and colony formation capacity.Notably, HMGB1 overexpression elevated the levels of proliferation regulators, including P63, SOX2, CDK4 and CDK6. Furthermore, HMGB1 overexpression substantially enhanced tumor invasiveness, accompanied by upregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers. Mechanistically, overexpression of HMGB1 enhanced transforming growth factor-β signaling by increasing phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, the key mediators of EMT. Conclusion These data imply that HMGB1 acts as a tumor-promoting factor in cSCC.

Objective:To investigate the operation of water improvement projects in villages affected by drinking-water-borne endemic arsenic poisoning in Shaanxi Province, the arsenic level in both internal and external environments, the trend of disease development and patient management, and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures.Methods:From March to December 2023, in accordance with the requirements of the "Notice of the Office of Shaanxi Provincial Health Commission on Issuing the Monitoring Plan for Key Endemic Diseases such as Kashin-Beck Disease" and the "Monitoring Plan for Endemic Fluorosis and Arsenism in Shaanxi Province", all villages affected by drinking-water-borne arsenic disease were monitored. Water arsenic testing was carried out in accordance with the "Standard Test Methods for Drinking Water Inorganic Nonmetallic Indicators" (GB/T 5750.5-2006), and the evaluation of whether water arsenic exceeded the standard was conducted based on the "Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water" (GB 5749-2022). According to the "Diagnosis of Endemic Arsenism" (WS/T 211-2015), the arsenic poisoning status of all population in the disease affected areas was investigated. In 5 villages of 3 monitoring counties, 358 people were randomly selected to determine the urinary arsenic level, and the determination was made according to the "Safety Guideline Value of Urinary Arsenic for Human Population" (WS/T 665-2019). According to the "Notice of the National Health Commission on Issuing the Evaluation Measures for Control and Elimination of Key Endemic Diseases (2019 Edition)", elimination evaluation was conducted.Results:A total of 2 cities, 3 counties, 9 towns, and 13 endemic villages were monitored, with a water improvement rate of 100% (13/13), and all were operating normally. The arsenic level in residents' drinking water was < 0.01 mg/L. A total of 12 688 people were examined, and 338 cases of arsenic poisoning were detected, all of whom were historical cases. There were no new cases of arsenic poisoning or skin cancer patients. The geometric mean of urinary arsenic was 0.026 0 mg/L, which was lower than the safety guideline value of 0.032 mg/L for urinary arsenic in the population. All 338 existing arsenic poisoning patients had received family doctor contract services and implemented follow-up management. The drinking-water-borne endemic arsenic poisoning areas counties in Shaanxi Province have reached the elimination standard.Conclusions:The water improvement project in drinking-water-borne endemic arsenic poisoning areas in Shaanxi Province is operating normally. The arsenic content in both the internal and external environments of the population meets the standard. The condition is stable and no new cases have been detected. Follow up management has been implemented for all current cases. All affected counties have reached the elimination standard.

Objective To observe the correlations of chest CT quantitative parameters and one-year readmission in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods Totally 225 AECOPD patients were included and divided into the readmission group(group A,n=61)and non-readmission group(group B,n=164)according to whether readmitted due to acute exacerbation within one year or not.Quantitative CT parameters,including the percentage of low attenuation area volume to total lung volume(LAA％)and intrapulmonary vascular volume(IPVV)of the whole lung,left/right lung and each lobe,as well as the bronchial lumen area(LA)and percentage of bronchial wall area(WA％)of grades 3-8 were compared between groups.Spearman correlations were used to analyze the correlations between quantitative CT parameters and one-year readmission.Results LAA％of the whole lung,right lung,upper lobe of both lungs,middle lobe of the right lung,and lower lobe of the right lung in group A were higher than that in group B(all P＜0.05),which were weakly positively correlated with readmissions within one year(r=0.142-0.187,all P＜0.05).Significant differences of the upper lobe of right lung LAgrade 6,lower lobe of left lung LAgrade 6,lower lobe of left lung LAgrade 8,upper lobe of right lung WA％grade 5,upper lobe of right lung WA％grade 8 and lower lobe of left lung WA％grade 8 were found between groups,which were all correlated with readmissions within one year except for the lower lobe of the left lung LAgrade 6(all P＜0.05).Conclusion One-year readmission in AECOPD patients might be associated with severe airway remodeling and emphysema.

Radiation enteritis(RE)is an inflammatory reaction caused by radiation exposure,commonly observed following radiotherapy for malignancies in the abdominal,pelvic and retroperitoneal regions.The authors believe that the pathogenesis of RE is complex,involving factors such as deficiency and excess,cold and heat,as well as qi and blood.The general pathogenesis can be summarized as"instability of the Zhongzhou,depletion of essence and blood,dysregulation of ascending and descending,and accumulation of heat-toxins".And"the instability of the Zhongzhou and subsequent malnutrition of the intestines"are the key drivers of disease progression.Based on theoretical exploration and clinical observations,this article proposed a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach centered on"stabilizing the Zhongzhou,replenishing essence and blood,regulating ascending and descending functions,and clearing heat-toxins".These four methods are often applied simultaneously,with"stabilizing the Zhongzhou and regulating the intestines"serving as the core of treatment.The approach is tailored according to the individual patient's condition of blood,qi and body fluids.A medical case was attached as evidence for verification.

Objective Taking into account the physical and mental characteristics of patients with COPD,we develop and implement a lung rehabilitation education game software,aiming to explore more effective health education practices for COPD.Methods Drawing on the Health Belief Model theory,the game content was developed by semi-structured interviews,brainstorming sessions,and expert consultations,and it was implemented via a WeChat mini program.Patients with COPD from the respiratory department of a tertiary general hospital of Luzhou city between March and October 2023 were conveniently selected as the study subjects.Among them,40 patients from July to October 2023 were designated as an experimental group,and another 40 from March to June 2023 constituted a control group.The experimental group was provided with routine health education combined with pulmonary rehabilitation games,whereas the control group received standard health education.After the intervention,the researchers compared the COPD knowledge questionnaire scores and pulmonary rehabilitation adherence between the 2 groups,and assessed the satisfaction of both patients and nurses with the software.Results No sample detachment.The score of the COPD knowledge questionnaire in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(Z=5.361,P＜0.001).The proportion of patients in the experimental group with good adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation(85％)was significantly higher than it in the control group(25％),(x2=29.091,P＜0.001).The patients'overall satisfaction rate with the game was 95％,with operational effectiveness receiving the highest satisfaction rating at 97％.Conclusion The pulmonary rehabilitation education game for patients with COPD can improve their knowledge of COPD,enhance their compliance with pulmonary rehabilitation.Patients have high satisfaction with the software.The software enriches the clinical health education methods,which can be used in clinical practice.

Objective The quality of compound menthol nasal drops was reviewed and analyzed,and identified the bad trend in time.The improvement measures were formulated to improve the quality of the preparation.Methods Taking camphor and menthol in compound menthol nasal drops of Beijing Shijitan Hospital,Capital Medical University,as indicators,the quality of 30 batches of samples was retrospectively analyzed using the capacity sixpack report.The failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA)were applied to the prospective quality risk management.Results All 30 batches of compound menthol nasal drops met the quality standards,and the process was under control.Howe ver,there were potential risks in the process of menthol,so risk management was carried out and improvement measures are formulated.Conclusion The compound menthol nasal drops of the hospital have stable quality,and the quality of the medicine can be continuously ensured with improved processes.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of a higher-order thinking-oriented BOPPPS-based blended teach-ing model in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery education,focusing on its impact on the academic performance and teaching satisfaction of undergraduate clinical medicine students.Methods A total of 199 undergraduate clinical medicine students from Guangzhou Medical University were enrolled,divided into a control group(2021-2022 academic year,n=118)and an experi-mental group(2022-2023 academic year,n=81).The control group received conventional blended teaching via Chaoxing plat-form combined with case discussions,while the experimental group implemented the BOPPPS-integrated blended teaching model.Results Students in the experimental group achieved significantly higher average scores than the control group(Δ=11.71 points),with the excellent rate increasing from 0% to 11.1% and the failure rate decreasing to 1.2% .Additionally,the experi-mental group reported high satisfaction with the BOPPPS-integrated blended teaching model,with an overall satisfaction rate of 80.25%.Furthermore,54.32% of students expressed a preference for blended teaching approaches.Students widely acknowl-edged that this model facilitated flexible knowledge application.Conclusion The BOPPPS-integrated blended teaching model ef-fectively enhances the academic performance and teaching satisfaction of undergraduate clinical medicine students,providing a valuable reference for medical education reform oriented toward fostering higher-order thinking and clinical competency.

Objective To understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics and hypervirulence evolution trend of ST11 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)isolated from medical institutions in Shanghai,and provide scientific basis for formulating the prevention and control measures of drug-resistant organisms.Methods A total of 201 strains of CRKP isolated from 12 medical institutions in Shanghai from 2021 to 2022 were collected.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed.The concatenated data was used for multilocus sequencing typing(MLST),serum typing(wzi typing),as well as analysis of resistance and viru-lence genes.Results All 201 CRKP strains were multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs).These strains were al-most completely resistant to carbapenems,cephalosporins,and quinolones.Drug resistance gene analysis showed that 93.03％of CRKP strains carried KPC gene.201 CRKP strains were divided into 6 ST types and 10 capsule wzi types,with ST11-KL64(n=104)being the dominant type,followed by ST15-KL19(n=54).52.24％(n=105)of CRKP carried rpmA/rpmA2+iucA+iutA+iroN genes.Conclusion CRKP isolated from medical institutions in Shanghai is mainly ST11-KL64 type with severe multidrug resistance,and more than half of the strains are hyper-virulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(hv-CRKP).It is necessary to continuously strengthen the monitoring of the molecular characteristics of CRKP,so as to prevent outbreaks of healthcare-associated infection.